Caxton's Game and playe of the chesse, 1474

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/

THE GAME AND PLATE OF THE

CHESSE.

tdb^

Copies printed on ^^^'-^p^x*'
!v^^e-^ No y

K

J^

y

-r v.-

CAXTON'S

GAME AND PLAYE OF

THE CHESSE,

H74-

A VERBATIM REPRINT OF THE FIRST

EDITION.

WITH AN INTRODUCTION

BY

WILLIAM E. A. AXON, M.R.S.L,

^ And ther was founde by clerkes full prudent

Of the cheHe the play mod glorious. "

John Lydgati.

• « •

LONDON: ELLIOT STOCK,
61, PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C.

1883.

CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION.

Jonathan Oldbuct on the Game of

Chefs, 1474 ..... ii
^^ 1131 "^^^ ^"^ Edition : copies in libraries

'^iw ""'* " f=l" «i

lere was it printed ? . . . xv

Cuton's account of the ir>nllttton .... xvi
The Second Edition : copies in libraries and ai fales . ivij
FeiTon ind Dc Vignay's " Jeu d'Echecs" . . . xx
Jacques dc CelToles : " Liber de Moribus hominuro " xx

Sermons on Chcft . xxvi

j^gidius Romanus, his life and hit book ; " De Regjmine

Principum" »3tviii

Occlcve'i imitation xxxi

I William Caztan aa a trinflator jutxii

^^^^^^ Bibliograpliy of the Chefs Book :

^^^^ Colonna

^^^H CelToks

^^^^1 Perron and Dc Vignay

^^^^^^1 Conrad van Ammcnhaufcn ..... xlvi

^^^^^H Mennel

^^^^^^H Heinrich von Beringen ..... xlviii

^^^^H Stephan

^^^^^H Caxcon

t

VI

Contents.

The fcope and language of the Chefs-book

Authors quoted and named .

Biblical names and allufions

Xerxes the inventor of Chefs !

Sidrac ....

John the monk .

Truphes of the Philofophcrs

Helinand ....

Claflical allufions

Mediaeval allufions and flories

John of Ganazath

St. Bernard

The difhonefl trader .

The drunken hermit .

A violent remedy

Murder of Nero

Theodorus Cyrenaicus

Democritus of Abdera

Socrates difguifed

Didymus and raifed letters for the blind

Shakfperean etymology

Cazton at Ghent

The hiflory of Chefs .

The ethical aim of the writer of the Chefs-book

PAGE

lii

Iv

Iv

Ivii

Ivii

1». •
Vlll

lix

lix

Ix

Ix

Ix

Ixii

Ixiv

Ixiv

Iziv

Ixvi

Ixvi

Ixvii

Ixvii

Izviii

Ixviii

Iziz

Ixix

Izxi

THE GAME OF THE CHESSE.

Dedication to the Duke of Clarence ....
Prologue to fccond edition

BOOK I., p. 3.

This booke conteyneth . iiii . traytees/ The firfl traytee
is of the Invencion of this playe of the chefTc/ and
conteyneth . iii . chapitres.

The firfl chapitre is under what kynge this play was
founden

1
3

Contents. vii

PAGE

The . ii . chapitre/ who fonde this playe . . .11
The . iii . chapitre/ ireteth of . iii . caufes why hit was
made and founden 13

BOOK II., p. 17.

The fcconde traytce trcteth of the chefle men/ and con-
teyncth . v . chapitreS.

The firfl chapitre treteth of the forme of a kyngc and of
fuchc thinges as apperteyn to a kyngc • '9

The . ii . chapitre trcteth of y* quene U her forme &

maners ......... 26

The . iii . chapitre of the forme of the alphins and her
offices and maners ....... 36

The . iiii . chapitre is of the knygth and of his offices . 42

The . V . is of the rooks and of their maners and offices 57

BOOK III., p. 73.

The thirde traytee is of the offices of the comyn pcple
And hath . viii . chapitres.

The firil chapitre is of the labourers 8c tilinge of the erthe 75
The . ii . of fmythis and other werkes in yron & metall 85
The . iii . is of drapers and makers of cloth U notaries . 92
The .iiii. is of marchantcs and chaungers . . .106
The .V. is of phidcyens and cinigiens and apotecaries . 118
The . vi . is of tauemers and hoftelers . . . .128
The . vii . is of y* gardes of the ciiees & tollers & cuflomers 1 37
The . viii . is of ribauldes difepleyars and currours 146

BOOK IV., p. 155.

The . iiii . traytee is of the meuyng and yfTue of them
And hath . viii . chapitres.

The firft is of the efchequcr 157

The feconde of the yffue and progrcffion of the kynge 163

The thirde of the yffue of the quene . .168

The fourth is of the yffue of the alphyns . .172

The fifth is of the yffue of the knyghtes . . .175

The (izty chapirre of the ySne or (he rooks .

The fcucmh ia of the meuynge Ic yflue of the comyn

pep'e

And the cyght and l«fte chapicre is of the epilegacion

and of the rccapitulacion of all thefe forfaid chapitres

Glouarv

INTRODUCTION.

I HE readers of the" Antiquary " will re-
member the anecdote told with fo
SI much effufion by Jonathan Oldbuck.
' " Davy Wilfon," he faid." commonly
called Snuffy Davy, from his inveterate addic-
tion to black rappee, was the very prince of
fcouts for fearching blind alleys, cellars, and ftalls,
for rare volumes. He had the fccnt of a flow-
hound, fir, and the fnap of a bull-dog. He would
deted; you an old black-letter ballad among the
leaves of a law-paper, and find an edisio princeps
under the mafk of a fchool Corderius. SnufFy
Davy bought the ' Game of Chefs, 1474,' the firfl:
book ever printed in England, from a ftall in
Holland for about two grofchcn, or two-pence of
our money. He fold it to Ofborne for twenty
pounds, and as many books as came to twenty
pounds more, Oflxime re -fold this inimitable
windfall to Dr, Afkew for fixty guineas. At Dr.
Afkcw's fale," continued the old gentleman, kindling
as he fpoke, " this ineftimablc treafurc blazed forth in

•••• •• t**'

• • •• •• *•••••

• ••••• ••••

• ••• ••••*

• ••

• a

X IntroduSiion.

its full value and was purchafed by Royalty itfelf
for one hundred and feventy pounds! Could a
copy now occur, Lord only knows," he ejaculated
with a deep figh and lifted-up hands, " Lord only
knows what would be its ranfom ; and yet it was
originally fecured, by fkiU and refearch, for the eafy
equivalent of two-pence fterling." '

Sir Walter Scott in a footnote adds : — " This
bibliomaniacal anecdote is literally true ; and David
Wilfon, theauthor need nottellhisbrethrenoftheRox-
burghe and Bannatyne Clubs, was a real perfonage."
Mr. Blades, whofe iconoclaftic temper is not moved
to mercy even by this good ftory, fays that although
It ** looks like a true bibliographical anecdote," its
appearance is deceptive, and that ** not a fingle ftate-
ment is founded on faft." *

Jonathan Oldbuck did not venture to eftimate
the fum that would ranfom a copy of the " Game
of Chefle," and the world of the bibliomania has
moved even fince his days, fo that prices which
fecmed fabulous, and were recounted with a fort of
awe-ftruck wonder, have been furpafled in thefe
latter days, and the chances of any fucceflbr of
" Snufiy Davy " buying a Caxton for two grofchen
have been greatly reduced.

According to Mr. William Blades, our lateft and
beft authority on the fubjeft, there are but ten
copies known of the firft edition of the " Chefle "
book,'* There is a perfeft copy in the King's

1 Blades* " Life of Caxton," ii., 12.

^ Mr. Blades enumerates only ten, but between the publica-
tion of his work in 1863 and the appearance in 1880 of a

Introduclion. xi

Library in the Britifh Mufeum. This is what
ought to be SnufFy Davy's copy. A previous
owner — R, Boys — ^has noted that it coft him jj.
The copy in the Grenville Library has the table and
laft leaf fupplied in facfimile. The copy in the
Public Library at Cambridge is defective to the
extent of five leaves. The Bodleian copy wants
the laft leaf. The Duke of Devonftiire's copy
formerly belonged to Roger Wilbraham, and the
firft and eighth leaves are fupplied in facfimile.
The exemplar belonging to the Earl of Pembroke
is perfeft, ** but on weak and ftained paper." Earl
Spencer's copy is perfed, clean, and unufually large.
Mr. H. CunlifFe s copy came from the Alchorne
and Inglis Libraries^ and wants the firft two printed
leaves, two near the end, and the laft two. Mr.
J. Holford's copy is perfect and in its original
binding. It was once in the library of Sir Henry
Mainwaring of Peover Hall, as his bookplate fhows.
On a fly-leaf is written, " Ex dono Thomae Delves,
Baronett 1682." The copy belonging to the Rev.
Edward Bankes is imperfed, and wants the dedi-
catory leaf and is flightly wormed.

The book, when complete, confifts of eight
quaternions or eight leaves folded together and one
quintcmion or fedion of five llieets folded together,
making in all feventy-four leaves, of which the firft
and laft are blank. The only type ufed through-
more popular one, an eleventh copy turned up. It is defcribed
further on. As both editions of Mr. Blades' book are fre-
quently cited, it may be ftated here that where the reference
is to the page only, the one volume edition of 1880 is meant.

xii IntroduSHon.

out is that ftyled No. i by Mr. Blades. The lines
are not fpaced out ; the longeft meafure five inches ;
a full page has thirty-one lines. Without title-
page, fignatures, numerals, or catch-words. The
• volume, as already mentioned, begins with a blank
leaf, and on the fecond redo is Caxton's prologue,
{pace being left for a two-line initial, without
direftor. The text begins with a dedication : —
'* (T)o the right noble/ right excellent & vertuous
prince George due of Clarence Erl of Warwyk and
of falifburye/ grete chamberlayn of Englond & leu-
tenant of Ireland oldeft broder of kynge Edward
by the grace of god kynge of England and of
France/ your moft humble fervant william Caxton
amonge other of your fervantes fendes unto yow
peas, helthe. Joye and vidorye upon your Enemyes/
Right highe puyflant and." The text ends on the
feventy-third redo, thus : — " And fende yow thac-
complifshement of your hye noble. Joyous and
vertuous defirs Amen:/: Fynyfehid the laftday of
Marche the yer of our lord god. a. thoufand foure
honderd and lxxiiii. *. *. *. *," The feventy-
fourth leaf is blank.

It is unneceflary to fay that this book feldom
comes into the market. The recorded fales are
very few. In 1682 R, Smith fold a perfed copy
for 13J. *id. In 1773 J. Weft's copy was bought
by George III. for £^^ os. 6J, Alchorne's im-
perfed copy was bought by Inglis for ^^54 i2j.,
and at the fale of his books found a purchafer in
Lord Audley for ^31 ioj., and was again trans-
ferred, in 1855, to the pofleffion of Mr. J. CunlifFe

IntroduSiion. xiii

for J[jSo I Of. od.^ Mr. J. Holford's copy was
bought at the Main waring fale for^ioi.

The laft copy offered for fale was defcribed in
one of Mr. Bernard Quaritch's catalogues iflued in
1872, and the account given by that veteran biblio-
pole is well worth rcprodudtion.

CAXTON'S GAME AND PLAY OF CHESS MORA-
LIZED, (tranilated 1474) first edition, folio, 65 leaves
(of the 72), bound in old ruflia gilt, £\oo.

Smefi^ 4c IftS '^t of fSUKit 4^e tn of out Hotn doH,

a ^outanH foure {^onHreii anH Ij:;:iiii# ♦ * »

An extremely large, though fomewhat imperfe6i copy of

THE FIRST BOOK PRINTED IN ENGLAND,
from Caxton's prefs.

Mr. Blades quotes 9 copies (4 perfect, 5 imperfedl), the
prefent is the loth known copy, and is taller than even the
Grenville — hitherto the talleft known copy; my copy meafures
1 1-|- inch in height by 8 in width, whilft the Grenville copy
(also imperfed) is only 1 1 inches high.

Collation of my copy:
V|^ 98oole tmatftttti^ iiii ttofteea . . . i leaf.
V^ firft tMtn of tf)t firft traOate . . . i leaf
^ ttoutl^e Cu to Ho 3uCUce t^t to^flFt etc. to the

end ........ 62 leaves.

The laft leaf with the date :
%n coiiquerHnsf {^ia riAtfiill in^etitaticet ending:

fpiHftrtl, w. 1474 I leaf

65 leaves.

My copy wants therefore 7 leaves, the two blank ones being
Qut of queftion. The imperfedUons include the firft leaf, and
two leaves in the fecond chapitre of the fourth tradUte, the
end is all right. I ihould be glad to hear of any imperfect

* Blades, ii., i z.

xiv IntroduSiion.

COPY of this work, which would fupply me with what I want.
In the mean time this precious relic of the Infancy of Printing
in England can be feen by Buyers of Rare books.

5^^ Dibdin's Bibl. Spenc. IV. p. 189.

No copy of this edition has been fold for years ; in 1813,
Alchorne's copy, wanting firft two leaves, the lad two leaves
and two leaves in the fecond chapter of the fourth tradate,
fetched at Evans', ^54. 12/. The value of this clafs of books
has much rifen fince then, and may now be con(idered» as ten
times greater.

In comparing the firft edition of "Caxton's Game of Chefs "
with the fecond, one perceives many variations in the fpelling.
I confider the frfl edition to be the more interefting, for a
variety of reafons :

1. It is the firft book printed in England.

2. It is the Editio princeps of the Englifh verfion.

3. It fhows the Art of Printing in its crudeft form.

4. It has a Poft-fcript not in the fecond edition.

Both editions run on together to the pafTage on the laft page
of the fecond edition :

9nli a mon tf^at IptJFti^ in thta toorlH tuitl^out rmtuta I^ett^ not
80 a man but a0 a htUt,

The firft edition ends thus :

9nti tf)eiefbce mt riet^t cenouiiteti HotH 31 Pta; altnioi^ 0OI1 to
fate tit fi^sns our foDerain lotn to srtie Urn srace to pffue m a
fiiirnse tabounne in all imtutu \ to be affiam toit;^ all otber iig
lotHes in (ut^ tOEfe ^n ^ia noble cosame of ^nalonti ma^ profpete
i^abounne in tertues anH gn f^nne m&t be efci^etDili juOice itepte
ti^e roEame tiefentieli soon men cetnatneii maIefaSout0 puniffQiili ^e
rHIe peple to be put to laboure tf^at it \ntti tbe nobf e0 of t|^e ronante
m^^ tecne cIoiiouflH*

3In conquetEnse iifs rici^tfiill in|)eritaunce | t^Bt tietraHpea0 ann
c^rite mar enHure in bot)» iis co;ame0 anti ^at mard^anliife ma^
imtie iifs cour0 in fuci^e toife tf^at etietf man efcf^etpe fpnne | ann
encrefe in l}ertuou0 occupation0 | IPraimse rout soon otace to
reffertoe 4i0 iitrll anti firmpie book mane unner t|^e i^ope ann Ibanoto
of pour noble ptoteSion bp {^pm t)^at ie pout mo0 {jumble fertant in
Otee ann t|>anfte* 9nli K (ball pta^e almict^tp aon for Hout lona

IntroduSiion. xv

Irf 9 \Bt\faxz I ti4)ic{)e {^e prefertoe 9nii fenne note tf^accompliilnnent
of ;our |)?e noble jOHOU0 anH tieituou0 lie(ic0 9inen : | :

Sv^tPbft^ x^t IbSX naE of marcl^e tf)e rn: of out lotti con a* tf^ou*
fanH four {^onHceli aitu IJ:|nui•^:«:«^

The fecond edition ends thus :

^tmt late eber; man of toi^at connrcion {^e be t)»at xttMg^ or
(edi^ t^ litel boot u^u tale tt^erb; enfautnple to amenn i^fm*
^Vfixsxt pet Cajcton*

This copy came from the library of Mr. L. M.
Petit.^

It will be noticed that Mr. Quaritch calls the
editio princeps of Caxton's " Game and Play of the
Chcfle " the firft book printed in England. This
was the general op'mion of bibliographers before the
inveftigations of Mr. Blades. Dibdin, although
he feems to have had fome doubt, pronounced in
favour of that view. Yet it is clearly erroneous.
The only materials for judgment are thofe afforded
by the colophon and the prologue to the fecond
edition, with the filent but eloquent teftimony of
typography. Caxton ends the firft edition with the
words : — " Fynyfshid the laft day of Marche the
yer of our lord god a thoufand four hondred and
Lxxiiii." The word " fynyfshid,*' as Mr. Blades
obferves, " has doubtlefs the fame fignification here
as in the epilogue to the fecond book of Caxton's
tranflation of the Hiftories of Troy, * Begonne in
Brugis, contynued in Gaunt and finyfshed in Colcyn,'
which evidently refers to the tranflation only. The
date, 1475-6, has been affixed, becaufe in the Low

' Van der Linde, '' Gefchichte und Literatur des Schach-
fpiels," Berlin, 1874, ii., 125.

xvi IntroduSiton.

Countries at that time the year commenced on
Eaftcr-day; this in 1474 fell on April loth, thus
giving, as the day of the conclufion of the tranfla-
tion, 31 March 1475, the fame year being the
earlieft poflible period of its appearance as a printed
book." Then there is Caxton's own racy account
of the circumftances under which the book firft
appeared : —

** And emong alle other good werkys It is a
werke of ryght fpecial recomendacion to enforme
and to late vnderftonde wyfedom and vertue vnto
them that be not lernyd ne can not dyfcerne wyfe-
dom fro folye Thene emonge whom there was an
excellent doAour of dyuynyte in the royame of
fraunce of the ordre of thofpytal of Say nt Johns of
Jherufalem which entended the fame and hath made
a book of the chefle moralyfed whiche at fuche tyme
as I was refidcnt in brudgys in the counte of
Flaundres cam into my handes/ whiche whan I had
redde and ouerfeen/ me femed M necefTarye for to
be had in englifshe/ And in efchewyng of ydlenes
And to thende that fome which hauc not feen it/
ne vnderftonde frenfeh ne latyn J delybered in my
felf to tranflate it in to our maternal tonge/ And
whan I (q had achyeued the fayd tranflacion/ J dyde
doo fette in enprynte a certeyn nombre of theym/
Whiche anone were depefshed and folde wherfore
by caufe thys fayd book is ful of holfom wyfedom
and requyfyte vnto eucry aftate and degree/ J haue
purpofei to enprynte it/ fheviryng therin the figures
of fuche perfons as longen to the playe."

It is clear from this that both the tranflation and

IntroduSlkn. xvii

printing belong to the period of Caxton's refidence
in Bruges. From the ufe of the inftrumental form
" dyde doo fette en enpryntc " it might be thought
that Caxton employed the fervices of fome printer,
but although commonly fo employed, there are in-
ftances which will not bear this interpretation of its
intention.' He either employed a printer or made
fome partnerftiip with one, and there are various in-
dications that confirm Mr. Blades' theory that the
book came from the prefs of Colard Manfion.

The fecond edition is undoubtedly the work of
our firft Englifli printer. " Explicit per Caxton "
is the unambiguous ftatement of the colophon. It
is a much more advanced fpecimen of typography
than the firft edition. It has fignatures, of which
a^ b, c, dy e,/, g, h, i, are quaternions, k and / are
tertemions, making in all eighty-four leaves, of
which the firft is blank. There is no title-page, and
the type ufed is that which Mr. Blades reckons as
No. 1*. The lines are fpaced out to an even length.
There are twenty-nine lines to a full page, and the
full line meafures 4f inches. The prologue begins
on a ij., and the table of chapters begins on the
next page. The text begins on the retfto of a Hi.
The text ends on the reflo of / 6, the laft page
being blank. There are fixteen woodcuts in the
volume, which are ufed twenty-four times. There
has been fome divcrfity of opinion as to the year in
which this " Game of the Cheflc " came from the
preis of Caxton. The book is not dated, Dibdin
thought it one of the printer's earlieft efforts. Fig-
■ BUdes, ii., 4E.

xviii IntroduSiion.

gins regarded it as the earlieft iffue of the Wcft-
minfter preft, and further believed that it was
printed from cut metal types. This is not the view
of Mr. Blades, who fays : " An examination of the
work, however, with a typographical eye does not
afford a (ingle evidence of very early worlcmanfhip.
All Caxton's early books were uneven in the length
of their hnes— this is quite even. Not one of the
early works had any fignatures — this is (igned
throughout. Thefe two features alone are quite
fufficient to fix its date of impreflion at leaft as late
as 1480, when Caxton firft began the ufe of figna-
tures ; but when we find that every known copy of
this edition of the ' Chefs-Book ' prefents a thicker
and more worn appearance than any one copy of
any other book, there is good reafon for fuppofing
that this may have followed the ' Tulti ' of 1481,
and have been the laft book for which Type No, 2*
was ufed." ^

Mr. Blades defcribes nine known copies, fo that
even fewer exemplars remain of the fccond edition
than of its predecefTor. The copy in the King's
Ubrary in the Britilh Mufeum is imperfefl:, want-
ing feveral leaves, and is mended in many places.
The copy in the Pepyfian Colleiftion at Cambridge
wants one-half of the laft leaf. Trinity College,
Cambridge, has a perfeift copy, " but a bad impref-
fion." The Bodleian copy is defeiftive in not
having the iaft leaf. St. John's College, Oxford,
has a copy, from which one-half of i^ Hi. has been
torn away. The Imperial Library at Vienna has

IntroduSiion. xix

an imperfeft copy. The Duke of Devonfliire's
copy is perf"e{?l, but it is " a poor impreflion, and
flightly ftained." The Earl of Pembroke's copy is
very imperfeift. Earl Spencer's is only flightly im-
perfeift. The prices fetched by the fecond edition
have a fufficiently wide range. In 1698,31 Dr.
Bernard's fale, a copy ibid for is. 6d. Farmer's
copy in 1798 fetched l_^ 4J. Ratcliffe's copy was
bought at his fale for ^16 by Willett ; and when
his books came to the hammer in iSij.itwas pur-
chafed by the Duke of Devonihire for ^{^173 5J.'
It is interefting to know that the copy of the fecond
edition in the Bibliotheca Spenceriana formerly
belonged to Laurence Sterne, who bought it for a
few /hillings at York ! '

In the prefent reprint, the text followed is that
of the firft edition, tranfcribed from the copy in the
Britifh Mufeum ; but the variations, alterations,
and additions made in the fecond iflue are all re-
corded in footnotes. The reader has, therefore, be-
fore him the work in all its fulnefs. The fame
reafons that have led to the adoption of this courfe
have alfo decided the publiftier to include faclimites
of the curious woodcuts which appeared in the
fecond edition. Thefe, although ncceflarily reduc-
tions in fize, reproduce the quaint vigour of the
originals.

Caxton, we have feen, tranflated the "Game of
the Chefle " from the French. There were in effeft
two, if not three, from which he may have taken

"Bibliodiec* Spencc

XX IntroduSlion.

hisverfion. One of thcfe is by Jean Faron, Ferron,
or Feron (as the name is varioufly fpelled), a monk
of the order of St. Dominic, of whom the notices
are exceedingly fcanty.' La Croix du Maine
ftyles him " de I'Ordre des Freres Prefcheurs ou
Jacobins du Paris," La Monnaye fays that the
tranflation was made from the Latin of Ceflbles,
and was begun in the year 1347. It has not been
printed.' The tranflation is confidered a literal
verfion of the Latin of CefToles.

The prologue of Ferron's verfion is as follows : —
"Chy enfuit le gcu des Efchas moraliJe, ouquel a
plullers exemples blen a noter. A noblehomme,
Bertrand de Tarafcon, frere Jehan Ferron, de I'ordre
des Freres precheurs de Paris, (on petil et humble
chappelain foy tout. Le Sainte Efcripture dit que
Dieux a fait a chaicun commandement de pour-
chailicr a tous nos prochains leur fauvement. Or
eft-il ainfi que nos prochains ne font pas tout un,
ains font dc diverfes condicions, eftas et manieres,
(y comme il appert. Car les uns font nobles ; les
aultres non : les aukres font de c)er engin ; les
aultres, non : les aultres font enclins a devocion ;
les aultres, non. Et pour ce, affin que le com-
mandement de Dieu foit mis a execution bien con-
venablement, il convient avoir plufiers voyes et
baillier a chafcun ce qui iui eft plus convenable ; et
ainfi pourroit il ie commandement de Dieu accom-
plir; .... Pour tant je, voftre petit chappc-

' See Profper Marchand, " Difl. Hid.," i. i., p. 181.
1 "Les Bibliothfqucs Franf(>;r» de U Croix du Miine et
dc Do Verdicr." n. c, PsriJ, 1781, t. i., p. 4,93.

IntroduBion. xxi

lain, a voftre requefte, que je tieng pour commende-
ment, vous ai volu tranflata de latin en fran^ais le
Gieu des Elchas moralife, que fift Tun dc nos freres,
appeie frere Jaques de Coflbles, maiftre en divinite,
fi que vous I'entendes plus legierrement ; et a ex-
empledes nobles hyftoires qui y font nottees,veuiIles
maintenir, quant a vous, honncftement, et quant
aux autres juftement. . . . Or prenes done ce petit
prefent, comencie le 4° jour de May, I'an 1J47." '

That Caxton made ufe of Perron's verfion is clear.
Thus Mr. Blades mentions the delcription of Evil-
merodach as " un homme joly fans juftice " as
peculiar to Ferron, whofe verfion he regards as the
bafis of the firft and third chapters of Caxton's work.

Dr. Vander Linde mentions a number of MSS.;
in fome the date is given as 1357, and in one as
1317. This verfion remains unprinted, but there
are MSS. of it in the Bibliotheque Nationale, at
Aolla, Cambrai, at Bruflels, in the Britifh Mufeum,
Chartres, at Bern, and at Stockholm.'

Dr. Van der Linde alfo defcribes a MS. on parch-
ment of the Jifteenth century, forming part of the
national library at Paris, which contains the Game
of Chefs in verle.

" Mil fi d'efbat tc prcni lallanl,
Pren ton elbac d^ucmeni ;
Mil fi ^ jouer viculx aticndre,
Un noble jou te (kuUe atitndrc,
C'eft dca echecs qui cit lidcc
Et \ touz bien Ics gem inciie."

' Dr. Vm der Linde, " Gefchichte,'
» Cf. V»n dcr Linde, " Gefchichie,"

xxii IntroduSiion.

The author has concealed his name with an in-
genuity that has fo far defied penetration.

** Nommez mon nom et mon furnom,

Je ey efcript tout environ,

A vingt et dous lettres fans plus.

Sera trouv^ cy au defTus

En enfcript, et fans plus ne moint.'*

On this it is only necefTary to quote the remarks
of a French critic : — " Ou ne nous dit pas fi c'eft
dans la fuite meme de la phrafe, ou feulement en
acrofticke, que fe trouvent les vingt-deux lettres de
ces nom myfterieux. Nous ne faurions former
aucun nom avec les initiales des trente vers qui
precedent ceux que nous venons de citer ; et le
merite de I'ouvrage ne nous encourage pas a faire
des longues recherches pour decouvrir un nom que
Tauteur a pris plaifir a nous cacher/' *

The bulk of Caxton's work is undoubtedly from
the French tranflation of Jehan de Vignay, whofe de-
dication to Prince John of France has fimply been
transformed into a fimilar addrefs to the Duke of
Clarence. He ftyles De Vignay *^an excellent
doAor of the order of the Hoi^ital of St John's of
Jerufalem," This is the only authority we have for
fuppofing De Vignay to be connedted with that order.
He ftyles himfelf " hofpitaller de I'ordre de haut
pas/* which was fituated in the Faubourg St. Jacques
of Paris, It is curious that two members of the fame
order — for Ferron was alfo a Jacobin — fhould inde-
pendently have occupied themfelves with the fame

* Jaubcrt, cited by Van dcr Linde, " Gcfchichte,** t. i.,

p. 122.

^

IntroduEiion. xxiii

work. The vcrfion by De Vignay was probably
the later of the two, and it was alfb the moft popular,
for whilft Ferron's is ftiU unpriiifed, that of De
Vignay has been frequently re-ifTLied from the prefs.
The work is dedicated to Jean de France, Due de
Normandie, who became king In 1350. It wUl be
feen from this that thefe two French verfions were
praiftically contemporaneous.

The prologue to the book is as follows: — "A Trea
noble & excellent prince Jehan de france due de
normendie & auifne filz de philipe par le grace de
dieu Roy de france. Frere Jehan de vignay voftre
petit Rcligieux entre les autres de voftre feignorie/
paix fante Joie & viftoire fur vos ennemis. Tref-
chier & redoubce feign'/ pour ce que Jay entendu
et fcay que vous veez & ouez volentiers chofcs prof-
fitables & honeftes et qui tendent alinformaclon de
bonne meur ay Je mis vn petit liuret de latin en
francois le quel meft:venuza la main nouuellement/
ou quel pluflieurs auAoritez et dis de dodteurs &
dc philofophes & de poetes & des anciens fages/
font Racontez & font appliquiez a ia moralite des
nobles hommes et des gens de peuple felon le gieu
des efchez le quel liure Tres puiflant et tres
redoubte feigneur jay fait ou nom & foubz vmbre de
vous pour laquelle chofe trefchr feign' Je vous
fuppli & requier de bonne voulente de cuer que il
vo' daigne plaire a receuvoir ce liure en gre auffi
bien que de vn greign' maiftre de moy/ car la tres
bonne voulente que Jay de mielx faire fe je pouote
me doit eftre rcputee pour le fait/ Et po' plus clere-
ment proceder en cefte ouure/ Jay ordene que les

xxiv IntroduBion.

chappitres du hure Toieiit efcrips & mis au commence-
ment afin de veoir plus plainement la matiere de
quoy le dit liure pole,"'

It will be fcen that this is the foundation of
Caxton's dedication of the Chefs-book to the Earl
of Warwick. The " Golden Legend," printed by
Caxton in 1484, was in effetft a tranflation from
"La Legende Doree," made before the year 1380
by Jehan de Vignay, who in his prologue mentions
that he had previoufly tranflated into French " Lc
miroir des hyftoires du monde," at the requeft of
" Ma dame Jehanne de Borgoigne, royne de
France."' This preface Caxton, as ufual, adopted
with fome changes of name and other alterations,
amongft which is a reference to "the book of the
chefTe" as one of his works. The "Legends
Aurea " of Jacobus de Voragine is, of courfe, the
original fource of De Vignay 's "Legende Doree,"
and Caxton's " Golden Legend."

Ferron and de Vignay were avowedly tranf-
lators. Their original was Jacques de Ceflbles.
The name of this author has been tortured into fo
many fantaftic forms that one may aJmoft defpair
of recovering the original. Csfolis, CafTalis, Caf-
tulis, Cafulis, Cefolis, Ceflble, Ceflulis, Cefniis,
Cezoli, de Cezolis, de Coflbles, de Courcelles, Set
felis, TelTalis, Teflellis, de Theflblus, de ThefTolonia,
and de Theflblonica are different manners of fpelling
his furname, and the two laft are certainly raafter-
pieces of transformation. Proiper Marchand has
amufed himfelf by colleding fome vwn fpeculations

' BI«des'"Caiton," 173-17S- ° Blidei, i., 166.

IntroduBion. xxv

of previous writers as to the age, country, and per-
fonality of Jacques de CefToIes. Some counted him
a Lombard, fome an Italian, whilft others again
boldly aflerted that he was a Greek !

He lived towards the end of the thirteenth or
beginning of the fourteenth century, and having
joined the Dominican order, was a " Maitre en
Theologie " of that brotherhood at Reims. Various
works arc attributed to him, and his learning and
piety had many eulogifts.

It is more than probable that his name would
have been much lefs widely known but for the happy
accident that turned his attention to the game of
chels. It was a popular diverdon, and in the
moralizing fpirit of the age he faw in it an allegory
of the various components of the commonwealth.
The men who were merely killing time were per-
haps flattered at the thought that they were at the
fame time learning the modes of ftatecraft. Then, as
now, the teachersof morality felt that a fong might
reach him who a fermon flies, and they did not
fcruple to ufe in the pulpit whatever aids came
handy. The popular ftories, wife faws, and modern
inflances, were common enough on the lips of the
preachers, and fuch coUeftions as the " Gefta Roma-
norum " (how what a pitch of ingenuity in unna-
tural interpretation they had reached- An appro-
priate inftance is furnifhed by it in the following
quaint fartiion of moralizing the chefs play :^

" Antonius was a wys empfrour regnyng in the
cite of Rome, the which vfid mochc to pley with
houndis ; and afrir ("at pley, att fe day aftir he woldc

xxvi IntroduBion.

yfe ]ye chefTe. So yn a day, as he pleide at ^ chefle,
& byheld the kyng fette yn the pley, fom tyme hy
and fom tyme lowe, among aufyns and pownys, he
thought Jj^rwith >/at hit wold be {o with huw, for
he fhuld dey, and be hid vndir crth. And >^ore
he devided his Reame in thre parties ; and he yaf
oo part to t'e kyng of ler^lnn ; ^e fecunde p/irt
vnto ^ lordis of his Reame or his empire ; and the
thrid p^rtie vnto the pore people ; & yede him felf
vnto the holy londe, and ther he endid his lyf in
peas.

MORALITE.

Seth now, good firs ; this emp^rour, fat lovith
(b wele play, may be called eche worldly man fat
occupieth him in vanytes of the world; but he
mofte take kepe of the pley of the chefie, as did the
cmp^oure. the chekir or fe chefl!e hath viij.
poyntes in eche p^rtie. In eu^ry pley beth viij.
kyndes of men, (cii man, woman, wedcwer, we-
dowis, lewid men, clcrk^j, riche men, and pou^re
men. at this pley pleieth vj. men. the firft man,
)»at goth afore, hath not but oo poynt, but whenne
he goth afide, he takith ano])^; fo by a pou^re
man ; he hath not, but when he comyth to f e deth
with pacience, fen (hatt he be a kyng in heuen, w/tA
f e kyng of pore men. But if he grucche ayenft his
neighbour of his ftat, and be a thef, and ravi&h fat
wher he may, fen he is ytake, and put in to the
pr^n of helle. The fecund, fc/7. alphyn, renneth
iij. poyntes both vpward and douneward ; [he] be-
tokenyth wife men, the whiche by deceyuable

\

IntroduSiion. xxvii

eloquence & takyng of money deceyueth, & {b he
is made oonly. The iij. _/?//, Jie knyjt, hath iij.
poyntes, & goth jwrwith ; [he] betokenyth gentil-
men ^at rennyth aboute, & ravifshith, and ioyettl
for her kynrede, & for habundaunce of rlchefle.
The fourth, (cil. fe rook, he holdith length & brede,
and takith vp what fo is in his way ; he betokenyth
okerers and falfe nitfrchaunt5, fat rennyth aboute
ouer aH', for wynnyng & lucre, & rechith not how
thei geten, fo that thei haue hit. The fifthe is fe
quene, that goth fro blak to blak, or fro white to
white, and is yfet befide fe kyng, and is ytake fro
the kyng. This quene bytokcnyth virgyns and
damcfels, fat goth fro challite to fynne, and bcth
ytake by the deviH^, for glovis or fuch man^r yiftis.
The vj. is to whom aft owe to obey and mynyftre;
and he goth forth, and bakward ayen, & in either
fide, & takith ouer att; fo fone difcendith in to ^t
world, and alcendith to god by praiers; But when
he takith [no] kepe of god, and hatli no mcyne, fan
is hit to fe man chekmate. And f^rfore let vs not
charge of oure eftatis, no more fan is v/itb fc men,
when fei be put vp in fe poket ; then hit is no
charge who be above or who be byneth ; and fo by
the Spirit of louiyneHe we may come to fe ioy of
heven. And fat graunt vs, qui viuit &c."

It is not, therefore, furprifmg to learn that Jacques
de Ceflbles found texts for fundry fermons on
the game that formed (o favourite a diverfion of
clergy and laity. The favour with which thefe
difcourfes were received no doubt gratified the
worthy Dominican father, At the rcqueft of (ome of

xxTiii Introiu3ion.

tliofe who heard them he began to write down the
fiibftancc €& his (crmons. The refiilt was the
** Liber de moribus Hominom et officiis Nobiliiim
ac Populariam fiiper ludo fcachorum," whkh im-
mecfiatelj attuned great popularity. This is fhown
by the bibfiography of Dr. A. Van der Linde in a
ftriking manner, for he has deicribed two hondrcd
codices to be found in the various public libraries
of Europe.*

The difficulties in the way of forming any dear
concept i on as to the life and peribnality of Cefloles,
Ferron, and De Vignay are well fhown in an article
by M. C. Leber.' Dr. Emft Kopke, who has re-
examined the evidences as to Ceflbles, holds that he
was a Lombard/

The chief (burce from which Ceflbles took his
material was the treatife *^ De Regimine Princi-
pum " of Egidius Romanus.

He was of the great Neapolitan family of the
Colonna, and his Chriftian name s^>pears to have
been Guido, but his defignations have undergone
fbme curious transformations. Bom at Rome, 22nd
Sept., 1 2 16, Guido CoicHma went at an early age to
Paris, where, from the name of his birthplace, he

* ** Gcfdiicbte,'' i., 29. There is a manufcript copy io the
Chctham Librarj, Manchefter, which he does not name. It
came from the Farmer Colledioo, and b in a volume contain-
ing a number of fifteenth century Latin trads. See account
of European MSS. in the Chetham library, Manchefter* by
James Orchard Halliwell, F.R.S., Manchefler, 18421 P- IS-

' ''BuUetin du Bibliophile," 1836-1837, litee serie, p.

5^7-
' " Academy " July 12, 1881.

IntroduBion, xxix

became known as ^gidius Romanus, with the
French form of Gilles de Rome. He was an ardent
and enthufiaftic difciple of St Thomas Aquinas,
and his familiarity with that great do<ftor of the
Church led him to defire admiflion to the Domini-
can order, but a difficulty intervened from the cir-
cumftance that he had already contrafted ties which
bound him to the order of St. Auguftine. To this
untoward accident may probably be attributed no
little of the extenfion of the philofophical doflrine
of Aquinas ; for Colonna, unable or unwilling to
be relieved of the vows that bound him to the
Auguftinians, preached eagerly amongft them the
Thomift fpeculations of his friend and mafter. In
the controverfy with the Francifcans, thofe whom
he had indoiftrinated were valuable allies to the
Thomifts, for their aid, coming from an independent
organization, appeared to carry the weight of im-
partiality, and to be unavailable on the plea of
partifan intereft. In the year 1287 there was a
general convocation of the order of St. Auguftine
at Florence, and at this afTembly it was decreed that
the doftors of the order ftiould teach in conformity
with the decifions arrived at by Colonna. To him
is largely due the fuccefs of the Thomift fcheme, of
which he was an able, periiftent, and vigorous ex-
ponent. Many trafts by him remain in print and
MS. on thefe fubjefls. The fame he had thus ac-
quired gained him the name of doSler fundamen-
tariui and doBor fundatijfimui. His leisures at
Paris attracted to him the attention of Philippe le
Hardi, who thought him a fitting perfon to be en-

XXX IntroduBhn.

trufted with the education of his fon, who was
afterwards known to hiftory as Philippe le Bel, It
was whilft occupied with this royal youth that the
thought of compofing or compiling — and the terms
were in praftice interchangeable in thofe days —
occurred, and the refult was the treatife " De regi-
mine Principum libri iii." Philippe le Hardi, if
not an educated man himfelf — and there are doubts
as to whether he could write his own name— was
laudably anxious that his heir fhould have the beft
inftruftion that could be obtained. It cannot well
be claimed that the able, handfome, and unfcrupu-
lous Philippe was any great credit to his preceptor.
The defpotic and perfidious charafter of the king
probably owed more to the influence of Nogaret and
other defenders of the "right divine of kings to
govern wrong," than to the foberer precepts of
Colonna. That Philippe had fome tini^re of
literary feeling may be inferred from his employ-
ment of Jehan de Meung to tranflate the military
treatife ofVegetius Flavius Renatus, a compilation
of the fecond century of the prefent era, which was
lb popular in the middle ages that it was tranflated
by Caxton into Englifh. Still better evidence is
the tranflation made for the king by the fame poet
of Boethius, whofe ftoical philofbphy muft have
had a fpecial appropriatenefs for thofe times of
political ftorm and ftrefs, when the ficklenefs of
fortune muft have been a matter of only too common
repute. Guido Colonna was eledted by his admiring
brethren the general of the order in 1 292, and took
up his reiidence at Bourges, its metropolitan feat.

IntroduBion. xxxi

In this honourable office he continued his literary
labours, and to this period are affigned the greater
part of his numerous works. He died at Avignon
in 13 16. His body was tranflated to Paris, where
his effigy in black marble, with his epitaph, re-
mained until the French revolution.' It would
be fuperfluous to enumerate hts philofophical
writings, for they would have no intereft in the
prefent day. His commentary on Ariftotle " De
Anima," it may be obferved, was dedicated to Ed-
ward I. His name is now chiefly remembered be-
caufe his work on the rule of princes formed the
bafis of the treatife in which Jacques de CcfTolcs
moralized the fafhionable game of the chefs.

One interefting Inftance of the popularity of
Colonna's work is the tranflation of it made into
Englilhverfe by Thomas Occleve,' He wrote it in
141 1 or 1 + 12, and its objeil: was to obtain the pay-
ment of an annuity from the exchequer which had
been granted to him, but the payment of which was
very irregular. The book was dedicated to the
Prince of Wales. After mentioning his purpofe to
tranflate from the (apocryphal) letter of Ariftotle to
Alexander and " Gyles of Regement of Prynces,"
he proceeds : —

" There is a bookc, Jacob de Ccflblca,

Of the ordre of PrEchouri, niade, a worthy man,

' BUdca' " Life of Caiton ," vol, ii., p. 9.

' " De regimine Principum," ■ poem by Thomai Occtcvc,
written in the reign of Henry IV. Edited, for the firft lime,
by Thomn Wright, Efq., M.A., F.S.A., &c. Printed for the
Roxburghe Club. London : J. B. Nicholt, i860, 410.

xxxii Introdu&ion.

That the Chefle mortlifede clepede is.
In wbiche I purpofe eke to laboar ywis
And here and there, as that my li telle witte
Affbrtbe may, I thynke tranflate it.

And al be it that in that place fquare

Of the lyftes, I meane the efchekere,

A man may learn to be wife and ware ;

I that have avanturede many a yere.

My witte therein is bat litelle the nere.

Save that fomewhat I know a Kynges dranght.

Of other draughts lemede have I naught." — (p. 77.)

** In thofe days," fays Warton, " ccclcfiaftics and
ichoolmen prefumed to diAate to kings and to give
rules for adminiftering ftates, drawn from the nar-
row circle of fpeculation, and conceived amid the
pedantries of a cloifter. It was probably recom-
mended to Occleve's notice by having been tranf-
lated into Englifh by John Trevifa, a celebrated
tranflator about the year 1390/

Having thus traced the ftream back to its foun-
tain, we return to Caxton. The ftory of his life
has been told by Mr. Blades, and only the moft
edential fa<%s of his bufy and ufeful career need be
recapitulated here. He was bom in the Weald of
Kent, and it has been conjectured that the manor
of Cauftons, near Hadlow, was the original home
of the family. He was apprenticed to Alderman
Robert Large, a mercer, who was afterwards Lord
Mayor. The entry in the books of the Mercers'
Company leads to the inference that Caxton was
bom about 1422. Probably on the death of Large^
in 1 44 1, Caxton went abroad, for he tells us that

1 Warton'a "Hiftory of Englifh Poetry," 1871, Hi., 44.

IntroduSlion. xxxiii

in 1 47 1 he had been refident outfide England for
thirty years. About 1462 or 1463 he was Governor
of the Englifh Nation or Merchant Adventurers
at Bruges. This was a pofition of great influence^
and it is thought to have enabled the loyal mercer
to give good fervice to Edward IV., who was an
exile in 1470. Caxton's marriage was not much
later than 1469, and it is conjedured that this
led him to enter the fervice of the Duchefs of
Burgundy. She had literary taftes, and at her
requeft he tranflated the " Recuyell des Hiftoires
de Troyes" of Raoul Le Fevre. It was the de-
mand for copies of this that exhaufted Caxton's
calligraphic patience^ and led to his employment
of a printer. The incident may have been cafual,
but it led to great refults. It has been iaid that
he learned the printers* art at Cologne, but Mr.
Blades fuppofes that he entered its myftery at Bruges
under Colard Manfion, with whom he appears to
have had fome partnerfhip. Probably towards the
end of 1476 Caxton returned to England. He
had the favour of Edward IV. and of his fifter,
Duchefs of Burgundy, and the friendfhip of the
King's brother-in-law. Earl Rivers. Ninety-nine
diftinA produftions ifTued from Caxton's prefs, he
was printer, publifher, tranflator, and fomething of
author as well. He fet in good earned about the
work that is ftill going on— of making the beft
acceflible literature widely and commonly known.
This ufeful career was only ended by his death.
The exaA date is not known, but it was probably
late in 1 49 1 • He left a married daughter. Caxton

c

XXX iv IntroduSlion.

was a good buHnefs man. He was alfo a (tncere
lover of literature, and he was at his favourite
work of tranflation only a few hours before the
final fummons came.

The quality of Caxton as a tranflator is not a
matter of much doubt. It may be that the archaic
forms give an additional flavour to his ftyle, flnce
they prefent few difficulties to the modern reader,
and yet found like echoes from the earlier periods
of the language. Generally he is content to follow
his author with almoft plodding fidelity, but occa-
fionally he makes additions which are eminently
charafteriftic. His author having remarked : — ^* II
neft au Jour Duy nuUe chofe qui tant grieue Rome
ne ytalie come fait le college Des notaires publiques
Car ilz ne font mie en accortenfemble" — Caxton im-
proves the paflage thus : —

** For ther is no thynge at this day that fo moche
greueth rome and Italye as doth the college of
notaries and aduocates publicque. For they ben not
of oon a corde/ Alas and in Engeland what hurte
doon the aduocats. men of law. And attorneyes of
court to the comyn peple of y* royame as well in the
fpirituell lawe as in the temporall/ how tome they
the lawe and ftatutes at their pleafir/ how ete they
the peple/ how enpouere they the comynte/ I fup-
pofe that in alle Criftendom ar not fo many pletars
attorneys and men of the lawe as ben in englond
onely/ for yf they were nombrid all that lange to
the courtes of the channcery kinges benche. comyn
place, cheker. reflayt and helle And the bagge
berars of the fame/ hit (hold amounte to a grete

IntroduSion. xxxv

multitude And how alle thyfe lyue & of whomc.
yf hit fhold be vttrid & told/ hit (hold not be
beleuyd. For they entende to theyr fynguler wele
and prouffyt and not to the comyn/ "

Another addition is the brief paffage in the firft
chapter of the fourth traft in which the " good old
times " are lamented and contrafted with the deca-
dence of the then prefent — now the four centuries
paft.

^' Alas what haboundance was fome tymes in the
royames. And what profpitc/ In whiche was luf-
tice/ And euery man in his office contente/ how
flood the cytees that tyme in worfhip and renome/
how was renomed the noble royame of Englond
Alle the world dredde hit And fpack worfhip of
hit/ how hit now flandeth and in what haboundance
I reporte me to them that knowe hit yf ther ben
theeuis wyth in the royame or on the fee/ they
knowe that laboure in the royame And fayle on
the fee I wote well the fame is grete therof I pray
god faue that noble royame And fende good true
and politicque counceyllours to the gouemours of
the fame &c./ "

The concluding paragraph of the book is alfo
due to Caxton.

"And therfore my ryght redoubted lord I pray
almighty god to faue the kyng our fbuerain lord &
to gyue hym grace to yfTue as a kynge & tabounde
in all vertues/ & to be affifled with all other his
lordes in fuch wyfe y* his noble royame of Englond
may profpere & habounde in vertues/ and y* fynne
may be efchewid iuftice kepte/ the royame defended

xxxvi Introdudiion.

good men rewarded malefaftours punyfshid & the
ydic peple to be put to laboure that he wyth the
nobles of the royame may regne glorioufly In con-
querynge his rightful! enheritaimce/ that verray peas
and charite may endure in bothe his royames/ and
that marchandife may haue his cours in fuche wife
that euery man efchewe fynne/ and encrece in ver-
tuous occupacions/ Praynge your good grace to
reffeyue this lityll and fymple book made vnder the
hope and fhadowe of your noble proteAion by hym
that is your moft humble feruant/ in gree and thanke
And I (hall praye almighty god for your longe lyf
& welfare/ whiche he preferue And fende yow
thaccomplifshement of your hye noble. loyous and
vertuous defirs Amen :/: Fynyfshid the laft day of
marche the yer of our lord god. a. thoufand foure
honderd and Ixxiiii "

This was ftruck out in the fecond edition^ and
the following briefer farewell fubftituted : —

** Thcnne late euery man of what condycion he
be that redyth or herith this litel book redde take
therby enfaumple to amend hym.

Explicit per Caxton."

The alteration may perhaps be received as an
evidence of our firft Englifh printer's faftidioufhefs
as an author.

The bibliography of the editions, tranflations^
and imitations of CefToles is long and intricate.
Details of MSS. have not been thought necefTary.
They have been amply defcribed by Dr. Van dcr
Linde. The treatife on the rule of princes of
Colonna has been taken as furnifhing the matter

IntroduSlion. xxxvii

which Jacques de CefToles afterwards re-arranged
under the attraftivc form of a defcription of the
game of chefs. The editions of the Latin text are
followed by particulars of the tranflations into
French, Englifh, Spanifh, Italian, and other lan-
guages. Each title has appended the name of the
bibliographer on whofe authority it is given.

Thefe are as follows : —

Hain. — Repertorium Bibliographicum . . . opera
Ludovici Hain. Stuttgart, 1826.

Ebert. — A General Bibliographical Diftionary,
from the German of Frederic Adolphus Ebert.
Oxford, 1 837. 4 vols.

Graejfe. — Trefor de Livres rares et precieux :
par Jean George Theodore Graeffe. Drefde, 1859-
67. 6 vols.

Brunei. — Manuel du Libraire par Jacques-
Charles Brunet. Paris, i860.

Linde. — Gefchichte und Literatur des Schach-
(piels von Antonius van der linde. Berlin, 1874.

Das erfie Jartaufend der Schachlitteratur (850-
1880) zufammengeftellt von Dr. A. v. d. Linde.
Berlin, 1881.

Dr. van der Linde's work is fo complete that, for
the moft part, it has been thought fufficient to give
his name, even when older authorities have been
confulted.

COLONNA.
(See ant}, p. xzviii.)

iEgidius Romanus de regimine principum L.
III. f. 1. 1473. Folio.

xxxviii IntroduBion.

This Ebert and Graeflc conjefture to have been
printed by G. Zainer. They defcribe it as the firft
edition of a work frequently reprinted, and (ay
that the laft edition appeared at Lugd. Batav.
in 1643, and had on the title-page the name of
St. Thomas Aquinas as author. Hain mentions
editions at Rome — Stephanum Plannck, 1482,
folio; Venetiis, 1498.

{French tranjlation.)

Miroir exemplaire, felon la compilation du GiUes
de Rome du regime et gouvernement des rois etc.
(by Henri de Gauchy or de Gauchay) et avec eft
compris le fecret de Ariftote appelle le fecret des
(ecrets, et les noms des rois de France com bien de
temps ils ont regne. Paris, 15 17. Folio.

{Graejfe.)

This was printed by Guillaum Euftace : " On
les vet au palais au Tiers pillier Et a la me neufue
noftre dame a lenfeigne de Lagnus dei " (^Brunei).
Ebert mentions a French tranflation as having
been printed at Paris, in 1497 ; but Brunet, in the
article on Ariftotle, gives a fomewhat minute ac-
count of the book, to fhow that it is not that of
Colonna.

{Spanifli tranflation.)

Regimieto de los principes fechs y ordenado par
Don fray Gil de Roma de la orden de fat Auguf-
tin. E fizolo trafladar de latin en romace do Ber-
nardo obifpo de ofma etc. Suilla — a efpenfes de
Maeftre Conrado aleman. & Melchior gurrizo.

_ - - • - — ^

Introdudiim. ^ xxxix

mercadores de libros, fue impreflb per Meynardo

Ungut alememo : & Staniflas Polono compaiierois.

Acabaron fe a veynte dias del mes de oftubre Ano

del feiior de Mill & quarto cientos & nouenta &

quarto [1494] folio.

(HatHy Brunei^ Graejfe.)

Ebert notes that there was an edition under the
name of Th. Aquino at Madrid, 1625, 4to.

{Catalan tranjlation.)

Regiment des Princeps. Barcelona per Meftre

Nicolau Spindaler emprentador. 1480. Folio.

{Graeje.)

Regiment del Princeps. Barcelona per Johan

Luchner. 1498. Fol.

{Brunei y Graejfe.)

{Italian tranjlation.)

Ebert mentions an Italian verfion by Val. Ave-

roni. Firenze, 1577. 8vo.

{Graejfe.)

{Englijh tranjlation.)

De regimine Principum, a poem by Thomas
Occleve, written in the reign of Henry IV. Edited
for the firft time by Thomas Wright, Efq., M.A.,
F.S.A., &c. Printed for the Roxburghe Club.
London, J. B. Nichols, i860. 4to./

(See ante^ p. zxxii., for notice of another Early Englifli
verfion.)

■*-i^^f^*

xl Introduction.

Cessoles.

(See antef p. xxiv.)

Incipit folatiu ludi fchacor. Scilicz regiminis ac
morum nominu et officium viror' nobiliu quor' fi
quis formas menti imprefTerit bellum ipfum et ludi
virtutem cordi faciliter poterit optinere. (E)Go
frater iacobus de theflblonia multor' fratru &c.
Ends: Explicit folaciu ludi fchacor'. Folio. 40
leaves.

There is neither date, place, nor printer's name

given ; but it is confidered to have been the work

of Nic. Ketelaer and Ger. de Leempt, at Utrecht

(Ultrajeftus), about 1473-

(^Unde, Graejfe.)

Incipit libellus de ludo Scaccorum, et de didis
fa<5tifque nobilium virorum, philofophorum et anti-
quorum. Explicit tabula fuper ludum Scacchorum.
Deo gratias. 4to. 29 leaves. Sign. A — H.

This is in black letter, and has neither date nor

place.

{Linde.)

Incipit libelles de ludo Schaccorum. . . . Ex-
plicit dodrina vel morum informatio, accepta de

modo et ordine Ludi Schaccorum. 4to.

{Linde.)

Incipit liber quern compofuit frater. Jacobus
de ceflblis ordinis fratru predicatorum qui intitula-
tur liber de moribus hominum et officiis nobilium
fuper ludo fcacorum. Impreflum Medio lani ad
impenfas Paulini de iuardis Anno a natali chriftiano.

IntroduSlion. xli

MccccLXXviiij. die xxiij. Menfis augufti. Folio.

24 leaves.

{LindCy Graejfe,)

Jacobi de Ceffolis Ord. Praed. Informatio morum,
exccrpta ex modo ct ratione ludi Scacchorum ; five
de moribus hominum officiifque nobilium et fuper
eo commentarius. Mediolani. 1497. Folio.

(Linde, Graeffe.)

Traftatus de Scachis mifticc interpretatus de
moribus per fingulos hominu ftatus. 4to. Anno
1505.

On leaf 31*: —

"Ad Le6torem.
Qum paucis rigidos poflis compefcere mons
Accipe : quod offert hiberna ex arce Johannes
Scacherii munus : fapiens Philometer et illud
Tradidit. ut regis babilonis crimina mergat
Hanc tibi fi fodes capiet te ledUo frequens
Noveris et iufte que ius moderamina vite."

No place or date, but fuppofed to be printed at
Vienna, by Joh. Winterburg.

{Linde i Graejfe.)

Jacobus de Ceflbles. Von Prof. Dr. Ernft Kopke,
Mittheilungcn, aus den Handfchriften der Ritter.
Akademie zu Brandenburg. Brandenburg a. d«

Havel, 1879, 4^^*

{Linde, " Jartaufend.")

{French tranjlation.)

Les jeu des Echez moraliie, nouvellement im-
primc a Paris (ends). Cy finift le livre des Echez
et rOrdre de Chevalerie, tranflate de latin en fran*

xlii IntroduSlion.

^ois, imprime nouvellement a Paris ; ct fiit acheve

le vcndredy, vi* jour de feptembre, Tan m v c ct

iiii, pour Anthoine Verart, libraire jure en I'uni-

verfite de Paris^ demourant i Paris, a rimaige Saind

Jehan revangelifte, dcvant la rue neufve Noftrc

Dame, &c. Folio, 102 leaves.

{Linde.)

** On trouve au f. lx un autre traite de Morale

et au f. Ixxxij celui de Melibee et de Prudence. II

y a a la bibl. imp. un exempl. de cette ed. tire fur

vclin et orne de 4 Miniatures."

{Graejfe.)

Le Jeu de Echets moraliie . . . Cy finift le liure
des efchecz et lordre de cheualerie, tranflattee de
latin en fran^oys imprime a Paris : et fut acheue le
xiiii iour de nouembre mil cinq cent et cinq. Par
Michel le noir libraire . . . demourant deuant Saint
Denys de la chartre a limaige noftre dame. 90
leaves.

On trouve a la fin du Livre de Vordre de cheva-
lerie le meme Dialogue entre Melibee et Prudence
fous le titre : Ung petit traillie a lenjeignement et au
prouffit de tous princes barons &f aultres que le voul-
dront entendre &f garder lequel fut fonde &f extrait
d*une /Of ion trouvee en ejcript. Ce qui a induit D«
Verier (vol. i. p. 556) en erreur de croire que
cette tradudion, publiee en 1 505, differe de celle

de 1504.

{Graejfe.)

timi^mr-^-t

IntroduSlion. xliii

{Italian tranjlation,)

Libro di Giuocho di Scacchi intitulato de coflumi
degli huomin et degli officii de nobili. 4to.

" Ohne Angabe des Druckortes und des Jahres.

Aufler dem Titelblattbildchen bringt das Buch

dreizehn Abbildungen, welche die von Ceflbles auf

dem Schachbrett ftatuirten Wiirden und Gewerke

darftellen."

{LindeJ)

Libro di givocho di fcacchi intitulato de cof-
tumi degl huomini & degli offitii de nobili. (Fol.
2*:) In comincia un tradato gentile & utile della
uirtu del giuocho degli icachi cioe intitulato de
coflumi deglhuomini & degli ufitii denobili : com-
poflo pel Reueredo Maeflro Jacopo dacciefble dell-
ordine de fratri predicatori. Fol. 67**: ImprefTo
in Fireze per Maeflro Antonio Mifcomini Anno
M.ccccLXXxxiii. Adi primo di Marzo 8vo.

{Linde.)

" Cette ed. bien incorrcfte quant au texte (comme
les reimpreffions : f. 1. 1534, in 8vo. [56 fF.] i 1.
206^ Gallarini) efl recherchee pour fes belles gra-
vures en bois, dont une partie a ete copiee par
Dibdin, Aedes Althorp, vol. ii. p. 5-13. II y a
une nouvelle edition : Mil. tipogr. di Giulio Ter-
rarioy 1829, gr. in 8% avec des copies de ces memes
figures et des corre(5tions du texte d'apres des
de Florence. On a tire de cette demiere edition
24 exempl. in carte diftinte^ 1 fur peau velin d' Augf-
bourg et i in capretti di Roma''

{Graejfe.)

V

>v

xliv Introdudlion.

Opera nvova nella quale fe infigna il vero rc-

gimento delli huomini & delle done di qualunqu

grado, ftato, e condition efler fi voglia : Compofta

per lo Reuerendiffimo Padre Frate Giacobo da

Cefole del ordine di predicatori fopra il giuoco delli

Scacchi, Intitulata Coftvme delli hvomini^ & vfficii

delli nobeli, nuouamente Stampata. m.d. xxxiiii.

Stampata in Vineggia per Franfefco di AleiTandro

Bin doni & Mapheo Pafini compagni : Nelli anni

del Signore. 1534. del mefe di Zenaro 8vo. 56

leaves.

{Linde.)

Volgarizzamento del libro de' coflumi e degli
ofEcii de' nobili fopra il giuoco degli fcacchi di frate
Jacopo da Ceflble tratto nuovamente da un codice
Magliabechiano. Milano, 1829. Dalla tipografia
del dottore Giulio Ferrario Contrado del Bocchetto
al No. 2465 8vo. Pp. XX and 162, and i leaf.

{Unde.)

Catalan tranjlation.

This does not appear to have been printed.
There is a codex in the Vatican and another at
Barcelona. They are defcribed by Linde. Sec
anti^ p. xxviii.

Spanijh tranjlation.

Dechado de la vida humana. moralmento Sacado
del juego del Axedrez. tradizado agora de nuevo
per el licenciado Reyna Vezino della Villa de
Aranda de duero. En efte alio m.d.xlix. 4to.
56 leaves.

IntroduSlion. xlv

Printed at Valladolid by Francifquc Fernandes

de Cordoue.

{^Linde.)
German iranjlation,

ICh briider Jacob von Caffalis prediger ordens,
bin iiberwunder worden von der brader gebct . . .
(Ends.) Hie endet (ich das buch menfchlicher fitten
vnd d'ampt der edeln. Folio. 40 leaves.

Without place or year, but printed before the

year 1480.

(JJnde.)

I (Ch) bruder Jacob von Caflalis prediger ordens
bin vberwunden worden vo(n) der bruder gebet
wegen vn(d) der weltlichen ftudenten vn(d) andem
edlen leut die mich haben horen predigen das fpil
das do heyflet fchachzabel. Das ich davon ge-
macht hab ditz buch. vn(d) hab das pracht zenutz
menfchlichs gefchlechts. Vn(d) hab es geheiflen
das buch menfchlicher fitten vnnd der ampt der
edlen . . . (Ends.) Hie endet fich das buch menfch-
licher fitten vnd der ampt der edeln 1.4.7.7.
Folio. 40 leaves.

This is believed to have been printed with the
type of G. Zainer at Augfburg.

{Unde.)

(I)Ch bruder Jacob vo(n) Cafialis prediger ordens
bin vberwunden worden von der bruder gebet . . .
(Ends.) Hie endet fich das Buch menfchlicher fitten
vnd der ampt der edlen. Gedruckt zu Augfburg
in der Kayierliche(n)ftat anno dni mcccc lxxx iij.
am ofterabe(n)t geent Folio. 2^ leaves.

{Lande.)

xlvi IntroduBion.

pis buchlein weifetdie slufzlegung des fchachzabel
fpils, Vnd menfchlicher fitten, Auch von den ampten
der edeln. (Leaf Aii*)

(I)Ch bruder Jacob vo(n) CafTalis prcdiger

orde(n)s . . . (Leaf 39**) Getruckt vnd volendet

von henrico knoblochzern in der hochgelobten

ftat Strafsburg vfF Sant Egidins tag In dem

Lxxx II J Jor. &c. Folio. 39 leaves.

{Linde.)

Jacobus de CefTolis, de moribus hominum et
officiis nobilium ac popularium ; oder^ Das Schach-
wcrk des Ceflblis, von den Sitten der Menfchen und
den Pflichten der Vornehmen und Niedern. Von
Heydebrand v. d. Lafa. (Schachzeitung, 1870.)

{Linde.)

{German rhyming verjion of Conrad von Ammen-

haufen.)

Ueber das Schachzabelbuch Konrads von Am-
menhaufen und die Zofinger Handflchrift deflelben,
von Wilhelm Wackcrnagel (Beitrage zur Gcfchichte
und Literatur vorzuglich aus den Archiven und
Bibliotheken des Kanton Aai^au. Heraufgegeben
von Dr. Heinrich Kurz . . . und Placid Wciflen-
bach. Erfter Band. Aarau 1846.)

Dr. van der Linde gives particulars of various
MSS. of this rhyming verfion of CeiTolis.
{German rhyming verjion of Dr. Jacob Mennel.)

Schachzabel. (Ends.) Getruckt vund voUendet
in der loblichen ftatt Coftentz v6 Hanfen fchafFeler.
Vf zinftag vor fant Vits tag Anno M. cccc vn
vii iar. 4to 13 leaves. Sig. a ii — c ii.

Introduditon. xlvii

In the prologue Jacob Menncl, doftor, claims
the paternity of this rhyming treatife, but he is
fuppofed to have taken much of his material —
ready made — from Ammenhaufen.

Schachtzabel Spiel. D Efz Ritterliche kunfl
liche Schachtzabel Spiels vnderweygung, erclarung,
vn(d) verftant, wo here das kommen, were das am
erften erfunden, vund aufz was vrfach es erdacht
fey, Auch wie man das kiinftlich lernen zichen
vn(d) fpielen (bile, fampt etliche kunftliche geteylten
fpielen &c. fjiSr Tji dem Schachtzieher.

" Dein Augen fcherpff*, nicht ubcrfeh
Dem wyderteyl, fleifzlich nach fpeh,
Wie ftch gebQrt, im Feld und Heer,
Dein volck das fchich an zu der weer,
Vnd orden das recht an dem ftreyt,
Ders iiberiicht, gem vnden leyt.**

Getruckt zu Oppenheym. 4to.

This fecond edition was iflued by Jacob Kobel,

who printed about 1 5 20.

(JJnde^

DEs Altenn Ritterlichenn fpils des Schachzabels^

griintlich bedeutung vund klarer bericht, daflelbig

kiinftlich zuziehcnn vund fpilen. Mit ein newenn

zufatz ettlicher befonderen Meifterftiick, nach der

Current, welfchen art, vn(d) von Hutten, defz-

gleichen ettlichener befondem Regeln des Schach-

ziehens, vormals nie aufzgangcn. Franckfurt,

1536. 4to.

{Linde^

Vnderweifzung, erklarung, vund aufzlegung defz
Ritterlichenn, kunftlichenn fpielfz des Schachzabels^

xlviii IntroduSiion.

durch den Hochgelartcnn Do6tor Jacob Mennel . . .
aufF dem heiligen Reichfztag zu Koftentz, Anno
&c. 1507 in Rheimen gedicht^ vund deflelbinn
fpicls VHprung vn(d) wefcnn, Auch wie man das
aufF das aller kurtzeft zu ziehenn vund ^ilen
bcgreifFcn mag, oflTenbart Frankfurt, 1536, 4to.

This is given on the authority of MafTmann by
Dr. van der Linde.

Das Schachzabelfpiel. Des alten ritterlicheti
Spiels des Schachzabels' griindlich Bedeutung . . .
Frankf 1 536. [Reprint.]

Dr. van der Linde does not fpeak well of this re-
print which appeared in : — Schaltjahr, welches ift
der teutfch Kalendar, durch J. Scheible. Drittcr
Band. Stuttgart, 1847.

{German rhyming verjion ofHeinrich von Beringen.)

There is a third rhyming verfion of the Chefs-
book by Heinrich von Beringer, of which a MS.,
dated 1438, is in the Stuttgart library.

{Linde.)

•

{Low German rhyming tranjlation by Stepban.)

Van dogheden vnde van guden zeden fecht dyt
boek wol dat valen ouer left dc wert ok des fchack-
fpeles klock. (Lubeck, about 1489.) Small 4to.
or large 8vo.

'* Hir gheyt vth ghemaket to dude
Dat fchackfpil der eddelen iude
Des bokes dichter het ftephan.**

{Unde.)

IntroduSlion. xlix

(Dutch Tranflation.)

(D)It is die tafel van defen boeck datmen hiet

dat fcaecfpcl (Fol. 2*) (H)Ier beghint ee fuuerlyc

boec vanden ty tuerdryf edelre hcren ende vrouwen.

als vande fcaec fpul. daer nochtant een ygherlyck

menfche van wat ftaet dat hi fi. vele fcocnre en(dc)

faliger leren wt neme(n) mach . nae welckcn hi

fyn leuen fal regiercn tot profyt ende falicheyt

^ynre fielen (Fol. 67**), ghebruyken Amen In iaer

ons heren dufent vierhondert ende neghentfeuentich.

opten anderdcn dach van odober. foe is dit ghc-

noechlycke boeck voleynt en(de) Ghemaeft ter

goude in hollant. by my gheraert leeu. Lof heb

god Folio.

(Linde.)

Traftat van den Tydvcrdryf dcr Edclc Heeren

ende Vrouwen, genoemt dat fcaekfpel, vercicrt met

veele fohoone hiftorien (Ends:) Int iaer ons heren

M.cccc.LXxxiii. opten veertienden dach van febru-

ario: fo is dat ghenoecklike bock volmaeckt te

DelfF in hollant. 4to.

{Linde.)

Hier beghint een fuyuerlijck boeck vande(n)
tytucrdrijf edelre heere(n)i ende vrouwen, als van-
den fcaeck fpel, daer nochtans een ieghelijck
me(n)fche va wat ftaet dz hy fy, vele fcoonre en(de)
faligher leerighe(n) wt nemen mach, nae welcken
hy fijn leuen fal regeren tot profijt ende falicheyt
fynre fielen. (Ends.) Gheprint tot Louen in de
Borchftrate in den Lupaert by my Anthonis Maria
Bergaigne ghefworen boecprinter. Int iaer ons

d

1 IntroduBion.

Hercn. m.ccccc. ende li. den vi. dach van
Auguflus. 8vo. 1 20 leaves.

{Linde.)

{^Scandinavian rhyming tranjlation.)

De ludo Scacchorum (eu de moribus hominum
et officiis nobilium ac popularium. Poema fueca-
num vetuftum. e codice manufcripto biblioth. Reg.
Univerfitatis Havn. nunc primum cditum. quod
confenfu ampl. ord. phil. Lund. p.p. Erneftus Rietz
et Auguftus Ludovicus Sjoberg, fcanus in Academia
Carolina die vi Decembris mdcccxlviii. Lundae^
Typis Berlingianis. mdcccxlviii. 8vo.

Fourteen diflertations, of which there is a fet in
the Jena Library.

There is a MS. of this Scandinavian poetical
verfion of Ceflblis dated 1492^ and another dated
1492 in the Kopenhagcn Univerfity Library.

{Linde.)

{Englijh tranjlation,)

The Game and Playe of the Chefle. folio.
E.P.

The Game and Playe of the Chefle. Explicit
per Caxton. folio.

The Game at Chefl^e, a metaphorical Difcourfe
(hewing the prefent Eftate of this Kingdome.
London. 1643, 4^^*

This title is given by Lowndes, but examination
only would (how whether it is in any way an imi-
tation of Caxton.

IntroduBion.

li

The Game of the ChefTe by William Caxton.
[Facfimile reprint of the fecond edition, with remarks
by Vincent Figgins.] London: J. R. Smith, 1855.
folio.

The Game of the Chefle by William Caxton.
Reproduced in facfimile from a copy in the Britifh
Mufeum. With a few remarks on Caxton's Typo-
graphical Produiftions. By Vincent Figgins.
London : John Rufiell Smith, i860.

The Game of the Chefle by William Caxton,
A facfimile reprodutftion of the firft work printed in
England, from the copy in the Britifli Mufeum.
London : Triibner and Co. 1862. fol.

Caxton and the Spelling Reform. [Signed]
Ifaac Pitman, Bath, 10th March, 1877. 4to.

Pp. 4.

This contains an extraift from the " Game of the
Chefs" in four columns: — i. Caxton's fpelling.
2. The fuppofed pronunciation of the fame repre-
fented by the Phonetic alphabet. 3. Modern fpel-
ling. 4. Phonetic fpelling.

The Game of the ChclTe : a moral treatife on
the duties of life. The Firft Book Printed in
England, by William Caxton Jn the year 1474,
Reprinted in Phonetic fpelling, with a preface and
contents in Caxton's orthography, and a fac-fimile
page of the original work. Second edition. London,
F. Pitman. Bath, Ifaac Pitman, James Davies.
iS72[iS79].

The printing of this book began in 1872, when
the title-page and earlier fheets were worked, but
it was not finilhed until May, 1879. This is the

Hi Introdu&im.

fecond time that Mr. Pitman has printed the Chefs-
book in his reformed orthography. The firft iflue
was in 1855. Although the title-page repeats the
old belief that " The Game of Chefs " was the firft
book printed in England, and gives the date of
1474, it is really a reprint of the fecond edition of
Caxton.

{Sloanes verjton.)

The Buke of the Chefle. Auchinleck Prefs.
1 8 1 8. 4to.

This IS printed from a MS. which is beUeved to
have been written about the beginning of the fix-
teenth century. The work is in verfc, and ends :
" Heir endis ye buke of ye Chefs, Script per manu
Jhdis Sloane." Only forty copies were reprinted by
Sir Alexander Bofwell at the Auchinleck Prefe.

{Linde. Lowndes.)

The " Game and Play of the Chefs " is an inte-
refting fpecimen of mediaeval Englifh literature.
It is fo near our own time that the language prefents
few difficulties, in fpite of its many Gallicifms, and
yet it is fo remote as to feem like the echo of an
unknown world. The diftindlly dogmatic portions
of the book are but few, and their paucity is indeed
a matter of fome furprife, fince it is in eflFeA a de-
tailed treatife on pradical ethics, and is, in part it
not wholly, fyftematized from the difcouries of one
diftinguifhed preacher, who had borrowed much of
his matter from another eminent ecclefiaftic. The
author aims not at the enforcement of dodtrine, but at
the guidance of life, though he no doubt afliimes

IntroduSiion.

liii

that his hearers are all faithful and orthodox fons
of the Church,'

The ideal of the commonwealth of the middle
ages finds an interefting exprelTion. The fharp
hnes of demarcation between clafs and clafs are ftated
with the franknefs that comes of a belief that the
then exifting focial fabric was the only one poffible
in the beft of worlds. There is no doubt in the
author's mind as to the rightful pofition of king
and baron, of bilhop and merchant. The "rights
of man " had not been invented, apparently, and the
maxim that the king reigns but does not govern,
would have perplexed the fouls of Ceflbles and his
tranflators. They had no more doubt as to the
divine right of the monarch, than the Thibetan has
of the divine right of the grand lama. The Budi^hift
thinks he has fecured the continuous re-appearance
of fupernatural wifdom in human form, and the
regular tranfmifiion of political ability in the fame
family was the ideal for which the devotees of
medieval defpotifm had to hope. Nothing could
be further from the afpirations of our author than
a race of mere palace kings feeking enjoyment only
in felf-indulgence. The king was to be the ruler
and leader of his people. The relation and inter-
dependence of the feveral dafles is emphatically pro-
claimed, and the claims of duty are urged upon each,

' The fire* of purgatory are finely and amply illullrated in
the ftory at p. I lo, whilft the power of the faints and the value
of pilgrimage) would be imprcfled upon the hearers by the
narraiive of the miracles wrought by St. Jamw of Compoftclla
(p. 136)-

liv IntroduSiion.

The book enables us to gauge the literary cul-
ture of the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth
centuries. Poor as it may now feem, it belonged,
in thofe days, to the "literature of power," and
had great influence. The form is one which
lent itfelf readily to poetic and hiftoric illuilra-
tion, and indeed demanded fuch treatment. The
authors and tranflators were chiefly learned and
diftinguiflied ecclefiaftics. Caxton, the reprefen-
tative of the new time when literature was to
be the common heritage, was filled to overflowing
with the beft literature then acceflible. A writer
of the prefent century, probably borrowing his fen-
timent, has defined originality to be undetefted
imitation. Such refinements were unknown to
CeflToles and his contemporaries. A writer took
whatever fuited his purpofe from any and every
fource that was open to him. A quotation was
always as good as an original fentiment, and fome-
times much better. Why fliould a man take the
trouble of laborioufly inventing frefli phrafes about
ufury or uncleannefs when there were the very words
of St. Auguftine or St. Bafil ready to hand } Why
feek modern inftances when the great ftorehoufe
of anecdotes of Valerius Maximus was ready to be
rifled ? Very frequently the author is given, moftly
it may be imagined from a fenfe of the value of
the authority of the names thus cited. Whatever
the intention of the writer, the efitft is to ftiow us
what were the authors known, ftudied, and quoted
in the middle ages.

The authors named are : — Saint Ambrofe (2

IntroduBhn.

Iv

references), Anaflalius (i), Avicenna (2), Saint
Auguftine (9), Saint Bafi] (i). Saint Bernard (2),
BoetJiius (j),Cairiodorus (l), Cato (5), Cicero (6),
Claudian {2), "Crete" (1), Dioniedes (i). Floras
(i), Galen (j), Helinand (4), Hippocrates (4),
Homer ( i ), Saint Jerome (j), John the Monk
(i), Jofephus (4), Livy (2), Lucan (i), Macrobius
(i), Martial (i),Ovid (6), Paulus Diaconus (1),
Petrus Alphonfus (2), Plato (4), Quintilian (3),
Salluft (i), Seneca (15), Sidrac (i), Solinus (f),
Symmachus (i), Theophraftus (i), '• Truphes of
the Philofophers " (2), Turgeius Pompeius (1),
Valerius Maximus (23), Valerian (7), Varro (i),
Virgil (2), "Vitas Patrum " (2).

It will be feen that the great claflical writers arc
but poorly reprefented, and the main dependence
has been upon the later eflayifts, and chiefly upon
Valerius Maximus, who has pointed many of the
morals enforced in this book. It may, perhaps, be
doubted if the writer had more to work from than
Valerius, Seneca, and St, Auguftine, with occalional
quotations fuch as memory would fupply from
other fources. The verification of all thefe quota-
tions would not repay the labour it would involve;
but in mod cafes where the experiment has been
tried, the refult has been fairly creditable to the
old author.

The biblical allufions may be taken as typical.
There are references to the "bible," "holy fcrip-
turc," " Ecdeliaftes," and " Canticles." There aUb
occur the names of Adam, Eve, Abel, Cain, Noah,
Ham, Lot, David, Abner, Joab, Abiftiai, Solomon,

Ivi IntroduSion.

Ifaiah, Evilmerodach, BeUhazzar, Darius^ Cyrus,
Tobias, John the Baptift, and Paul The citations
are not all literally exad. Solomon had not a very
good opinion of his fellow-men ; but the comprehen-
five eftimate of the number of fools with which he
is credited on p. 3 is not to be found in the writings
canonically attributed to him. The quotation from
the Canticles on p. 25 may be compared with the
tranflation in the Wicliffite verfion made by Nicho-
las de Hereford, a.d. 1380. This paflage is ren-
dered : " His left hond is vndur myn heed ; and
his ri5t hond ftial biclippe me '* (" Song of Solo-
mon," ii. 6). Clip is ftill current in Lancafliire, in
the fenfe of embrace.

The extraft from St. Paul, with which the pro-
logue to the fecond edition opens, is no doubt in-
tended for the following pafTage : " All Scripture is
given by infpiration of God, and is profitable for
doArine, for reproof, for correftion, for inftnu^on
in righteoufnefs " (2 Tim. iii. 16).

In the reference to the Athenians (p. 1 6), we feem
to hear an echo of the words : " For all the
Athenians and ftrangers that were there fpent their
time in nothing elfe, but either to tell or to hear
fome new thing " (Acts xvii. 21).

The moft curious reference to a biblical perfon-
age is that relating to Evilmerodach (p. 10).
Ceflbles feems to have been the firft to afTociate
the name of the fon of Nebuchadnezzar with the
invention of the game of chefs. The biblical
references to Evilmerodach are few; they throw
no light on the reafbn of his feleftion by the

IntroduSiion^ Ivii

medieval fcribe for a bad pre-eminence of parri-
cide. The epithet of jolt applied to the king has
an odd efFedt, followed as it is by the narrative of
his moft unfilial conduft. Dr. Van der Linde
fhows how widely the legend fpread. Lydgate
evidently hefitates between the divided authority of
Guido — that is, Colonna, the author of the Troy
book — and Ccflbles, whom he quotes through Jaco-
bus de Vitriaco.*

Amongft the authors not identified are '* Crete "
(p. 133), and Diomedes (p. 10). The account of
the origin of chefs attributed to the laft is amplified
a little further on. The legend that Palamedcs in-
vented a game of this kind at the fiege of Troy is
emphatically rejeAed by our author, who pins his
fame on Xerxes, a Greek philoibpher ! This became
the received opinion, as may be gathered from the
unhefitating language of Polydore Vergil in a paflage
wMch is thus rendered by John Langley : — ** The
chefTe were invented the year of the world 3635,
by a certain Wife man called Xerxes, to declare
to a Tyrant, that Majefty or Authority without
ftrength, affiftance & help of his fubjeAs, was cafual
feeble & fubjeft to many calamities of fortune ; his
intent was to break the fierce cruelty of his heart,
by fear of fuch dangers as might come to pafie in
the life of man." *

The curious treatife which contains the fuppofed
converfations of King Bocchus and the philofopher
Sidrac (p. 171) was a favourite fcience book of the

» " Hid of Siege of Troye."

« " Works of PoUdore Virgil.*' London, 1663, p. 95.

Iviii IntroduSlion.

middle ages. It is probably of oriental origin^
but there are editions in Latin, French, German,
Flemifti, Dutch, Italian, and Englifh. By way of
queftionand anfwer very decided ftatements arc
made on a wide variety of topics of which the
author was profoundly ignorant The particular
part referred to by Ccflbles is chap, cclxxxi:
*' Pourquoy facoftent les hommes chameilcment
aux femmes grofles et les beftes ne le font pas .^ ** *
John the Monk (p. 70) is the noted canonift Gio-
vanni Andrea, who died at the plague of Bologna
in 1347. His learning gained him fuch titles as
rabbi doSlorum and normaque morum. His com-
mentaries on the decretals were frequently re-
printed. He gave the name of " Novellae " to
this work after the name of his mother and daugh-
ter. His code of morality contained no prohibition
of literary theft, for his additions to the " Speculum
Juris " of Durand are faid to have been taken bodily
from Oddrale. In the fame magnificent manner he
appropriated the treatife ** De Sponfalibus et Matri-
monio " of AnguifTola. His daughter Novella was
a learned woman, and became the wife of Giovanni
Calderino, a jurift of Bologna. Their fon, Gafpard
Calderino, wrote a commentary on the decretals.
Father, daughter, fbn-in-law, and grandfon appear
to have all been experts in the canon law.*

The reference to the " firft book of the Tniphes

» Gracffc : Tr^for, f.v. Sydrach. See alfo Warton s " Hif-
tory of Englifh Poetry," 1871, vol. ii., p. 144, Hazlitt't
" Handbook of Early Englifh Literature," p. 43.

» Hocffcr : " Nouvelle Biographie Univerfellc.-

JntroduSiion.

lix

of the Philofophers by figure" does not convey a
very definite idea as to the particular work intended.
It muft have been fomewhat mifcelianeous in cha-
raifter, for one extraft defcribes the fountain of
the fyrens (p. 122), and the other is an anecdote,
which though told here of Julius Ca;far (p. 71), is
really the ftory of the foldier who had fought at
Aftium with Auguftus Csfar, It occurs alfo in
the "Gefta Romanorum," where the emperor is
named Agyos.

"Helmond" (p. 33, &c.) is intended for Heli-
nand, who died fome time after 1229, After a
brilhant period at the court of Philip Auguftus,
where he is reprefented as reciting his heroic veries
before the king and his furrounding, he became a
monk of the Ciftercian Abbey of Froidmont. One
of his furviving poems deals with the melancholy
fubjed of death. The " Flores Helinandi " are
faid to have been popular as well as his " Chro-
nique." He is aUb the reputed author of fome
fermons, and of the life of St. Gereon, publiftied
by the Boilandifts, and of other works ftill inedited.
He is fometimes confounded with another French
monk of the fame name, who lived in the eleventh
century, and was an inmate of the monaftery at
Perfigne in Maine. This fecond Helinand was
the author of commentaries or glofles on the Apo-
calypfe and Exodus.' The firft-named has been
credited with the authorfhip of " Gefta Romano-
rum." The grounds for this are very flight "On
a longtemps ignore le nom de I'auteur de cette

' Hocffer, " Nouvelle Biographic Ginirale," ixxiii. 818,

Ix IntroduSlion.

compilation, mais un pafTage du 68^ dialogue du
livre intitule * Dialogus creaturarum ' nous le revcle
par ces mots : Elimandus in geftis romanorum*^ '
But, as Sir F. Madden and Mr. Herrtage have
pointed out, the name of ^' Gefta Romanorum "
was given to any book treating of Roman affairs.
A French tranflation of livy, by Robert Gaguin,
has been catalogued as a verfion of the *' Gefta.'^
The reference cited by Brunet is to the Chroniques
of Helinand.*

Many of the ftories and anecdotes are the
commonplaces of ancient hiftory, fuch as the
friendfliip of Damon and Pythias, the fword of
Damocles, the chaftity of Scipio, the magnanimity
of Alexander, the fable of the Dog and the
Shadow, &c. Others current in the middle
ages had great popularity, and even in our own
days occafionally renew their youth. The ftory of
John of Ganazath (p. 48) is to be found in
Occleve's tranflation of Colonna. Mr. Thomas
Wright remarks : " This ftory, under different
forms, was a very common one in the middle ages.
One verfion will be found in my * Latin Stories/
p. 28. It will hardly be neceflary to remark that
the ftory of King Lear and his daughters is another
verfion." '

The ftory appears alio in fome modem compila-
tions. In one inftance it is given as the will of

^ Bninet, ** Manuel du Libnire," f. v. Gefb.

* ''Gefta Romanorum," edited by Heritage. London,

1879, P- ^

• Ocdeve, " Dc Regimine Principum," p. 199.

IntroduStion. Ixi

Jehan Connaxa, of Antwerp, about 1 530.* The
incident is given in the following form in the
popular colleftion known as the " Percy Anec-
dotes ":»—

" An eminent trader at Lyons, who had acquired
an eafy fortune, had two handfome daughters, be-
tween whom, on their marriage, he divided all his
property, on condition that he fhould pafs the
fummer with one and the winter with the other.
Before the end of the firft year, he found fufficient
grounds to conclude that he was not a very accept-
able gueft to either ; of this, however, he took no
notice, but hired a handfome lodging, in which he
refided a few weeks ; he then applied to a friend,
and told him the truth of the matter, defiring the
gift of two hundred livres, and the loan of fifty
thoufand, in ready money, for a few hours. His
friend very readily complied with his requeft ; and
the next day the old gentleman made a very
(plendid entertainment, to which his daughters and
their hufbands were invited. • Juft as dinner was
over, his friend came in a great biirry ; told him of
an unexpected demand upon him, and defired to
know whether he could lend him fifty thoufand
livres. The old man told him, without any emo-
tion, that twice as much was at his fervice, if he
wanted it ; and going into the next room, brought
him the money. After this, he was not fufFered to
ftay any longer in lodgings; his daughters were
jealous if he ftayed a day more in one houfe than

' "Curioiities of Search Room." London, 1880, p. 32.
' ** Percy Anecdotes : Domeftic Life,** iv. 446.

Ixii IntroduSlion.

the other ; and after three or four years (pent with
them, he died ; when, upon examining his cabinet,
inftead of Hvres, there was found a note containing
thefe words : * He who has fufFered by his virtues,
has a right to avail himfelf of the vices of thofe by
whom he has been injured; and a father ought
never to be (b fond of his children as to forget
what is due to himfelf "

Amongft other verfions of the ftory is a novelle
by Giovanni Brevio, publifhed as part of his
" Rime " in 1 545. Piron's comedy of " Les Fils
Ingrats," alfo known as " L'Ecole des Peres/* ap-
peared in 1728. "The ftory," adds Dunlop, "is
alfo told in the *Pieufes Recreations d'Angelin
Gazee,' and is told in the * Colloquia Menialia * of
Luther, among other examples to deter Others
from dividing their property during life among
their children — ^a praftice to which they are in
general little addifted." ^

There is yet another verfion of the ftory in John
of Bromyard's " Summa Predicantium." After
defcribing the difcovery of the club it fays, "in
quo Anglice fcriptum erat " —

" Wyht fuylc a betel be he fmctyn.
That al the werld hyt mote wyten.
That gyf ht his Tone al his thing.
And goht hym felf a beggyn."

Mr. Wright gives another verfion, and adds
that he is inclined to think that the ftory and
verfes had fome conneftion with ** a fuperftition

» Dunlop, " Hiftory of Fiaion," 1876, p. 259.

IntroduBion. Ixiii

not yet forgotten, which is thus told by Aubrey
in his " Remains of Gentilifin " (Thorn's ** Anec-
dotes and Traditions," p. 84) — " The Holy
Mawie, which they fancy was hung behind the
church door, which when the father was feaventie,
the fonne might fetch to knock his father in the
head, as effete and of no more ufe." ^

Herodotus has attributed the fame unfilial con-
duft to fome Indian tribes.

The incident of St. Bernard playing at dice for
a foul (p. 1 5 1 ), is in the " Gefta Romanorum." The
anecdote how a fbn induced his father to become a
monk (p. 81) which is quoted from the ''Vitas
Patrum" is alfo in the *' Gefta Romanorum," and has
fo much of the Buddhift flavour as to give rife to
the fufpicion that it comes from an Oriental fource.*
The ftory of two merchants quoted from Petrus
Alphonfus is alfb in the "Gefta Romanorum." It is
the foundation of Lydgate's '' Two Friends," and
is beyond doubt an Eaftem importation* In a
MS. of the •' Speculum Laicorum," defcribed by
Prof. Ingram, the writer has transformed one of
the merchants into an Englifhman.^

The ftory quoted from *' Paul, the hiftoriagraph
of the Lombards" (p. 46), is alfo given in the
''Gefta Romanorum." Mr. Herrtage fays it is
"evidently founded on the claffical legend of

* " Latin Stories," edited by Thomai Wright. Percy
Society, 1842, p. 222.

' See " Gefta Romanorum/' edit, by Herrtage, p. 364.

» ** On Two Colleftions of Mediaeval Moralized Tales," by
John K. Ingram, LL.D. Dublin, 1882, p. 137.

Ixiv IntroduSiion.

Tarpeia." The narrarivc in the chefs-book is taken
from Paulus Diaconus.^

The ftratagem by which depofited money was
recovered from a difhoneft truftee (p. 114) is told
by Petrus Alphonfus, and is alfo in the ** Gcfta
Romanorum."

The ftory of the danger of drunkennefs (p. 129)
was a favourite with our forefathers. It is given
by John of Bromyard, and is the fubjeA of a fabliau
which is given by Meon.*

The (bmewhat violent remedy recorded as having
been adopted by Demofthenes (p. 103) will remind
fome readers of a pafTage in the life of St. Francis
of Affifi. " He had given up," fays Mrs. Oliphant,
"without hefitation, as would appear, all the indefi-
nite fweetnefe of youthful hopes. But, neverthc-
lefs, he was ftill young, ftill a man, with himian
inftinfts and wifhes, the tendered nature, and an
imagination full of all the warmth and grace of his
age and his country. It does not appear that he
ever put into words the mufings which caught him
unawares — the relics of old dreams or foft recollec-
tions which now and then would fteal into his heart.
But one night fuddenly he rofe from the earthen
floor which was his bed, and rufhed out into the
night in an accefs of rage and pafEon and deipair.
A certain brother who was praying in his cell,
peering, wondering, through his little window, faw
him heap together feven mafles of fnow in the
clear moonlight. * Here is thy wife,' he {aid to

^ Muratori : " Rerum Italicarum Scriptorcs," t. i. p. 465.
3 Wright, " Latin Stories," p. 235.

IntroduSiion.

Ixv

himfelf ; ' thefe four are thy fons and daughters,
the other two are thy fervant and thy handmaid;
and for a)l thefe thou art bound to provide. Make
haftc, then, and provide clothing for them, left they
perilh with cold. But if the care of fo many
trouble thee, be thou careful to ferve our Lord
alone.' Bonaventura, who tells the ftory, goes on,
with the true fpirit of a monkifti hiftorian, to ftate
how, ' the tempter being vanquifhed, departed,
and the holy man returned viiftorious to his cell."
The piteous human yearning that is underneath
this wild tale, the fudden accefs of felf-pity and
anger, mixed with a ftrange attempt, not lefe
piteous than the longing, at fclf-confolation — all the
ftruggle and confliift of emotion which Rilled them-
felves, at leaft for a moment, by that fudden plunge
into the fnow, and wild, violent, bodily exertion,
are either loft upon the teller of the tale, or perhaps
he fears to do his mafter injuftice by revealing any
conicioufnefs of the poftibility of fuch thoughts.
But it is a very remarkable peculiarity of Francis's
hiftory, that whereas every faint in the Calendar,
from Antony downwards, is fometimes troubled
with vifions of voluptuous delight, only Francis, in
his pure dreams, is tempted by the modcft joys of
wife and children — the moft legitimate and tendereft
love." '

The reader muft not expeft any hiftorical exacti-
tude or critical fpirit from our author. For his
purpofe a narrative was juft as ufeful whether true
or falie, but it probably never occurred to him to

' " Francis of Aflifi," Mrs. Oliphant. London. 1874, p. 8;.

Ixvi IntroduStion.

queftion the exaft truth of any ftatemcnt that he
found written in a book. The murder of Seneca
(p, 9) is certainly not the leaft of the many crimes
which ftain the memory of Nero, but the circum-
ftances of his death are not exactly defcribed by the
mediaeval fcribe. Whether the philofophcr and
former tutor was implicated in the confpiracy of
Pifo may be doubted, but fome ambiguous phrafes
he had ufed were reported to the Emperor, whofe
meflenger demanded an explanation of their mean-
ing. The reply of Seneca was either unfatisfactory
or the tyrant had decided to be rid of his former
guide. As in more recent times in Japan the con-
demned man was expefted to be his own execu-
tioner, and Seneca opened 4iis veins and allowed
the life to ooze from them with a ftoicifm that was
certainly heroic if not untainted by theatrical dif-
play. The charafter of Seneca will ever remain one
of the puzzles of hiftory, for the grave moralift was
acceflbry to the murder of Agrippina, and not un-
fufpefted of licentioufnefs, and of the accumulation
of an enormous fortune of three hundred million
feftertii by injuftice and fraud. The ftatements of
Dion Caffius as to the mifdeeds of the philofophcr
muft be weighed againft the abfence of any con-
demnation of his proceedings in the pages of Tacitus.
The Theodore Cerem named on p. 1 2, is Theodoras
Cyrenaicus, who was probably a native of Cyrene,
and a difciple of Aridippus. He was bani(hed
from the (fuppofed) place of his birth, and was
fliielded at Athens by Demetrius Phalerus, whofc
exile he is aflumed to have fhared. Whilft in the

\ -.

IntroduBion.

Ixvii

I

fervicc of Egypt he was feiit as aii ambaHador to
Lyfimachus, whom he offended by the dirednefs
and plainnefs of his fpeech. The offended monarch
threatened him with crucifixion, and he replied in a
phrafe which became famous, " Threaten thus your
courtiers, for it matters not to me whether 1 rot on
the ground or In the air." ' The king's threat was
not executed, as Theodorus was afterwards at Co-
rinth, and is beheved to have died at Cyrene. That
he was condemned to drink hemlock is a ftatement
cited from Amphicrates by Diogenes Laertius
Arifiippus, XV.). The anecdote of his coUoquy
with Lyfimachus would eafily be perverted into a
beHef that he had been put to death for the free-
dom with which he exerciled his biting wit.

The Democreon mentioned at pp. 12 and 16 is
Democritus of Abdera, of whom the anecdote is
told. He was a man whofe knowledge and wifdom
won even the refpefl: of Timon, the univerfal
fcoffer. The tradition that he deprived himfelf of
fight with a view to philofophic abftrai5tion is men-
tioned by Cicero, Aulus Gellius, and others, but it
is hardly neceffary to account for a too uncommon
calamity by a fuppofition fo remarkable.

The transformations of fome of the names are
peculiar. At p. 12 we read of Defortes. The
■ difguifed under this ftranae name a

philofopher

e ap-

pears to be Socrates. The ftory is told in the
Apology of Socrates attributed to Xenophon.
The perfon to whom the faying was addrefled was
not Xanthippe, but was a difciple named Apollo-
' " Valerius Muimuf," vi. 1, 3.

Ixviii IntroduSion.

dorus, whofe underftanding was not equal to his
admiration.

The ftatement that Didymus voluntarily blinded
himfelf is made both by Jerome {Ep. 68) and in
the Ecclefiaftical Hiftory of Socrates (iv. 29).
Didymus was born 309 or 314, and became blind
at the age of four, as the refult of difeafe. He
learned the alphabet by wooden letters, and by
application and force of character became learned in
all the learning of his time. Is this a real anticipa-
tion of the ufe of raifed letters for the blind ? What
would be the ufe of a knowledge of the alphabet
(o acquired in obtaining that fkill in geometry,
rhetoric, arithmetic, and mufic for which he was
famous? He owed to Athanafius his pofition as
head of the Catechetical School of Alexandria.

The readers of '* Cymbeline " will remember the
pafTage in the concluding fcene : —

'* The piece of tender air, thy virtuous daughter.
Which we call mollis aer ; and mollis aer
We term it mulier ; which mulier, I divine,
Is this mod con (Ian t wife : who even now,
Anfwering the letter of the oracle,
Unknown to you unfought, were clipped about
With this moll tender air."

This quaint piece of etymology will be found at
p. 1 23 of the prefent volume.

There is an interefting perfonal reference in the
following pafTage which has not, it is believed,
been pointed out : —

*' And alfo hit is to be fuppofyd that fuche as
hauc theyr goodes comune & not propre is mofl"

IntroduSiion.

txix

acceptable to god/ For ellys wold not thife reli-
gious men as monkcs freris chanons obferuantes &
all other auowe hem & kepe the wilfull pouerte
that they ben profeflid too/ For in trouth I haue
my felf ben conuerfant in a religio^ hous of white
freris at gaunt Which haue all thynge in comyn
amonge them/ and not one richer than an other/
in fo moche that yf a man gaf to a frere , lii . d or
iiii . d to praye for hym in his mafie/ as fone as the
maiTe is doon he deliuerith hit to his ouereft or
procuratour in whyche hows ben many vertuous
and deuoute freris And yf that lyf were not the
befte and the moft holieft/ holy church wold neuer
fuffre hit in religion."

This defcription by the bufy merchant of the
" beft life" might fervc to point anew the diftinc-
tion between the real and the ideal, and perhaps
not to the advantage of the latter.

Nothing has yet been faid as to the place of this
book in the hiftory of cheft, and, indeed, it muft be
confefled that it has very little praftical bearing on
the game. The learned dreams by which the chefs
of to-day was conneded with the lairuticuli and
with the amufement faid to have been invented by
Palamedes, have been diflipated by the cool air of
modern criticifm. The ftudent of the hiftory of
chefs may now fallow its fortunes under the fafe
guidance of Dr. van der Linde, who rejeiSs unhefi-
tatingly the claim made for it, and admitted even
by Forbes, of an antiquity of 5,000 years.' The

I It will be fuScicnt here to refer for further details to the
following works : — " Gefchicbie und Lileratur dc» Schach-

Ixx IntroduSiion.

game of chefsi which, whilft remaining an amufe-
ment, has acquired the dignity of a fcience, is one
that Europe owes to India, where it was probably
invented not earlier than five centuries before
Chrift ; the triumphant progrefs of Iflam aided in
the extenfion of this oriental paftime. It was known
at the courts of Nicephorus at Conftantinople and
his contemporary Haroun-al-Raftiid at Bagdad.
One would like to add that Charlemagne alio was
acquainted with it, but there is no good evidence
for that legend. It was known in Spain in the
tenth century, fince the library of the learned
caliph Hakam II. of Cordova contained (bme
Arabic MSS. on the game. By the middle of the
eleventh century it was common in the weftem
world. In 1061 a Florentine bifhop is iaid to
have been ordered by Cardinal Damiani to expiate
the offence of playing chefs in public by three reci-
tations of the Pfalter, by wafhing the feet of twelve
poor perfons, and by giving them liberal alms.
The gradual developments of the game in Europe
are illuftrated in detail by Dr. van der linde.
Chefs in its prefent form is comparatively modem,
and refults from the enlargement of the powers of
the Queen (originally the Vizier or minifter) and
of the Bifliop (formerly the Alfil or Elephant).
The greater powers of thefe pieces came into play
between 1450 and 1500, but the period of tranfi-
tion was prolonged to a much later date in ibme

fpicls," von Antonius van dcr Linde, Berlin, 1874, * volt.;
'' Quellei^ftudien zur Gefchichte des Schachrpiels,** von Dr.
A. V. d. Linde, Berlin, 1881.

IntroduStion. Ixxi

cafes, and the Portuguefe Damiano may be re-
garded as the founder of the modern fchool. The
player of to-day on confulting the elementary direc-
tions given in this book (p. 159, etfeq.)^ will fee how
greatly the prefent play exceeds in complexity and
fcientific intereft the moves that excited the enthu-
fiafm of Jacobus de Ceflbles, and led him to the
compodtion of the book of the chefs which has
had fuch long and widefpread popularity.

Incidentally his book is a monument in the hif-
tory of chefs, but it was never intended to make its
primary objeft that of teaching the game. The
author's aim was almoft exclufively ethical. It was
to win men to a fober life and to the due perfor-
mance of individual and focial duties, that the
preacher exhaufted his ftores of learning, and
invoked alike the reproofs of the fathers of the
Church, the hiftory and legend of chroniclers, pagan
and Chriftian, and the words of prophets and poets.
As a memorial of the literature and learning of
jthe middle ages, it muft always poflefs a permanent
value. From it we may learn, and always with in-
tereft, what was the literary tafte and focial ideal
of the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries.
There is, doubtlefs, ample room for diflatisfaftion
with that ideal, but it is not without fome bright
afpefts. Poffibly there are modern realms that are
not any happier now than they would be if governed
in ftridl accordance with the rules laid down by the
earneft author of the game and play of the chefs.

It only remains for the editor to thank the friends

Ixxii IntroduSiion.

who have interefted themfdves in his work. Mr.
J. E. Bailey^ F.S.A., has fhown his ufiial fcholarly
courtefy and liberality in the communication of
books and references. To Mr. R. C. Chriftie,
the Chancellor of the Diocefe of Manchefter, a
fimilar acknowledgment is due. Mr. C. W. Sutton,
and Mr. W. R. Credland, of the Manchefter Free
Library, on this, as on many other occafions, have
not only given the editor many facilities for his
work, but fome fuggeftions by which he trufts he
has profited. The index is chiefly the work of the
editor's eldeft daughter.

[DEDICATION.]

flO the right noble/ right excellent &
vertuous prince George due of Cla-
rence Erie of warwyck and of lalif-
I burye/grete chamberlaynof Englond
& leutenant of Irelond oldeft broder of kynge Ed-
ward by the grace of god kynge of England and of
fraiice/ your moft humble fervant william Caxton
amonge other of your feruantes fcndes unto yow
peas, helthe. Joye and viiflorye upon your Enemycs/
Right highe puyflant and redoubted prynce/. For
as moche as I haue underftand and knowe/ that ye
are enclined unto the comyn wele of the kynge our
fayd faueryn lord, his nobles lordcs and comyn
peple of his noble royame of Englond/ and that ye
fawe gladly the Inhabitants of y° fame enformed in
good, vertuous. prouffitable and honefte maners.
In whiche your noble perfone wyth guydyng of your
hows haboundcth/ gyuyng light and enfample unto
all other/ Therfore I haue put me in deuour to tranf-
late a lityll book late comen in to myn handes out of

• This dedication is omitted in the fecond edition.

\

;

2 Dedication.

frenfh in to englifshe/ In which I fynde thauftorites.
diftees. and ftories of auncient Doftours philofbphes
poetes and of other wyfe men whiche been recounted
& applied unto the moralitc of the publique wcle as
well of the nobles as of the comyn peple after the
game and playc of the chcfle/ whiche booke right
puyflant and redoubdd lord I haue made in the
name and under the fhadewe of your noble protec-
tion/ not prefumyng to correfte or enpoigne ony
thynge ayenft your noblefle/ . For god be thankyd
^ your excellent renome (hyneth as well in ftrange

' ^ ^ regions as with in the royame of england glorioufly

\ unto your honour and lande/ which god multeplye

and encrece But to thentent that other of what
eftate or degre he or they ftande in may fee in this
fayd lityll book/ yf they gouemed themfelf as they
ought to doo/ wherfor my right dere redoubted lord
I requyre & fupplye your good grace not to dcf-
daygne to refleyue this lityll fayd book in gree and
thanke/ as well of me your humble and unknowen
feruant as of a better and gretter man than I am/ .
For the right good wylle that I haue had to make
this lityll werk in the beft wyfe I can/ ought to be
reputed for the fayte and dede/ And for more
clerdy to procede in this fayd book I haue ordeyned
that the chapitres ben fette in the begynnynge to
thende that ye may fee more playnly the mater
wherof the book treteth &c.

[PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.]

hHE holy appoftle and dodiour of the
peple faynt Poule fayth in his epyftle.
Alie that is wryten is wryten unto our
doiftryne and for our lernyng. Wher-
fore many noble clerlccs haue endeuoyred them to
wryte and compyle many notable werkys and h'lC-
toryes to the ende that it myght come to the know-
lege and vnderftondyng of fuche as ben ygnoraunt.
Of which the nombre is infenyte/ And accordyng
to the fame faith Salamon. that the nombre of foles.
is infenyte/ And emong alle other good werkys. It is
a werke of ryght fpecial recomendacion to enforme*
and to late vndcrftonde wyfedom and vertue vnto
them that be not lernyd ne can not dyfcerne wyft-
dom fro folye. Thene emonge whom there was an
excellent doftour of dyuynyte in the royame of
fraunce of the ordre of thofpytaJ of Saynt Johns of
Jherufalem which entended the fame and hath made
a book of the chefle moralyfed, which at fuche tymc
as J was refident in brudgys in the counfe of
Flaundres cam in to my handes/ which whan J had
redde and ouerfeen/ ne femed ful necefTarye for to

4 Preface.

be had in englifshe/ And in efchewyng of ydlenes
And to thende that (ome which haue not feen it/
ne vnderftonde fren(sh ne latyn J delybered in my
felf to tranflate it in to our maternal tongue/ And
whan I fo had achyeued the fayd tranflacion/ J dyde
doo fette in enprynte a certeyn nombre of theym/
Whiche anone were depefshed and iblde. wherforc
by caufe thys fayd book is ful of holibm wyfedom
and requyfyte vnto euery aftate and degree/ J haue
purpofed to enprynte it/ (hewyng therin the figures
of fuche peribns as longen to the playe. Jn whom al
aftates and degrees ben compryfed/ beiechyng al
them that this litel werke (hal fee/ here/ or rede to
haue me for excufed for the rude & fymple makyng
and reducyn in to our englifshe/ And where as is
defaute to correfte and amende/ and in ib doyng
they (hal deferue meryte and thanke/ and I ihal
pray for them/ that god of his grete mercy (hal
rewarde them in his euerlaftyng bli(re in heuen/ to
the whiche he brynge vs/ that wyth his precious
blood redemed vs Amen

[TABLE.]

HIS booke conteyneth . iiii . traytees/
The firft tray tee is of the Invencion of
this playe of the chefle/ and con-

teyneth . iii , chapitres

The firft chapitre is under what kynge this play

was founden
The . ii . chapitre/ who fonde this playe
The . iii . chapitre/ treteth of . iii . caufes why hit
was made and founden

The fecond traytee treteth of the chelTe men/
and conteyneth . v . chapitres
The firft chapitre treteth of the form of a kyngc

and of fuche thinges as apperteyn to a kynge
The . ii . chapitre treteth of y* quene & her forme

& mancrs
The . iii . chapitre of the forme of the alphins and

her offices and maners

The , iiii . chapitre is of the knyght and of his offices

The.v. is of the rooks and of their maners and offices

The thirde traytee is of the offices of the

comyn peple And hath . viii . chapitres

The firft chapitre is of the labourers & tilinge of the

erthe
The. ii . of (mythis and other werkes in yron & metall

6 Table.

♦The . iii . is of drapers and makers of cloth &

notaries
The . iiii . is of marchantes and chaimgers
**The . V . is of phificyens and cirugiens and

apotecaries
***The . vi . is of tauerners and hoftelers
****The . vii . is of y* gardes of the citees & tollers
& cuftomers
JThe . viii . is of ribauldes difepleyars and ciuv
rours

The . iiii . traytee is of the meuyng and
yflue of them And hath . viii . chapitres
The firft is of the efchequer
The feconde of the yflue and progrefllon of

the kynge
The thirde of the yflTuc of the quene
The fourth is of the yflue of the alphyns
The fifth is of the yflue of the knyghtes
The fixty chapitre of the yfliie of the rooks
The feuenth is of the meuynge & yfliie of the

comyn peple
And the eyght and lafte chapitre is of the

epilegacion.
And of the recapitulacion of all thefe foHaid
chapitres.

• Second edit, reads " Thoffyce of notaries/ aduocates fcii-
ueners and drapers and clothmakers capitulo iii **

•• Sec. edit, reads " The forme of phificiens leches fpycers
and appotycaryes "

••• Sec. edit. " Of tauerners hoftelers & vitaillers ^

•••• Sec. edit. " Of kepers of townes Receyuers of cuftum
and tollenars"

t Sec. edit. " Of mefTagers currours Rybauldes and players
at the dyfe "

BOOK I.

♦

This firfi chapiter of the firft traSIale fliewetk under
what kynge the play of the cheffe was founden and
maad. : ,

ImoNGE a!] the euyll condicions and
fignes that may be in a man the firft
ind y' gretteft is whan he feereth not/
ne dredeth to difplefe and make wroth
god by fynne/ and the peple by lyuyng difordy-
natiy/ whan he reccheth not/ ner taketh hede unto
them that repreue hym and his vices/ but fleeth
them/ In fuche wyfe as dide the emperour Nero/
whiche dide do flee his maifter fenequc For as
moche as he might not fuffi-e to be repreuid and

taught of hym In lykc wyfe was fomtyme a

10 T^he Game of Chefs.

kynge in babiloine that was named Evilmerodach
a Jolye man with oute Juftice and fb cruell that he
dyde do hewe his ^ers body in thre honderd
pieces/ And gaf hit to ete and deuour to thre hon-
derd birdes that men calle wultres And was of
fuche condicion as was Nero/ And right well re-
femblid and was lyke unto his fader Nabogodo-
nofbr/ whiche on a tyme wold do flee alle the iage
and wyie men of babylonye/. For as moche as
they coude not telle hym his dreme that he had
dremed on a nyght and had forgoten hit lyke as it
is wreton in the bible in the book of danyell/
Under this kynge than Evilmerodach was this game
and playe of the chefle founden/ Trewe it is that
fome men wene/ that this playe was founden in the
tyme of the bataylles & fiege of troye But that is
not ibo For this playe cam to the playes of the
caldees as dyomedes the greek fayth and reher-
ceth That amonge the philofbphrs was the mod
renomed playe amonge all other playes/ And after
that/ cam this playe in the tyme of Alixandre the
grete in to Egipte And fo unto alle the parties
toward the fouth/ And the caufe wherfore thjrs
playe was fo renomed fliall be fayd in the thirde
chapitre.

Thisfeconde chapitre ofthefirft traSlale jheweth who
fotidefirjl the ptaye of the cheffe.

I HYS playe fonde a phylofopher of
Thoryent whiche was named in Cal-
dee Exerfes or in greke philometor/
which is as moche to faye in englifh
as he that loveth Juftice and mefure/ And this
philofopher was renomed greciy amonge the grekes
and them of Athenes whiche were good clerkys
and philofophers alfo renomed of theyr connyngc
This philofopher was fo Jufte and trewe that he
had leuyr dye/ than to lyue longe and be a fals
flatcrer wyth the fayd kynge. For whan he be-
helde the foull and fynfull lyf of the kynge/ And

1 2 I'he Game of Chefs.

that no man durft blame hym. For by his grete
cruelte he putte them alle to deth that diipleiid
hym/ he put hym felf in paryll of deth/ And louyd
and chees rather to dye than lenger to lyue: The
euyll lyf and difFamed of a kynge is the lyf of a
cruell befte/ And ought not longe to be fufteyned/
For he deftroyeth hym that difplefith hym/ And
therfore reherceth Valerius/ that ther was a wife
man named theodore cerem whom his kynge dyde
do hange on the crofle for as moche as he re-
preuyd hym of his euyll & fowU lyf And all way
as he was in the torment he faid to y^ kynge/ upon
thy counceyllours & them that ben cladd in thy
clothynge & robes were more refon that this tor-
ment fhold come/ For as moche as they dar not
faye to the The trouthe for to do Juftice right wyfly/
of my felf I make no force whether I dye on the
lande or on the water or otherwyfe &c as who fayth
he recched not to dye for Juftice/ In lyke wyfe as
democreon the philofbphre put out his owen eyen
be caufe he wold not fee that no good royght come
to the euyll and vicyous peple wyth out right
And alfo defortes the philofbphre as he went toward
his deth/ his wyf that folowed after hym (aide
that he was dampned to deth wrongfully/ than he
anfwerd and fayd to her/ holde thy peas and be
ftyll/ hit is better and more merytorye to dye by a
wronge and unrightfuU Jugement/ than that I had
deferuyd to dye.

The thirde chapitre of ihe firft traSale treteth
whtrfere the playe was founden and maad.

HE caufes wherfore this playe was
founden ben thre/ the firft was for to
correifte and repreue the kynge .For
whan this kynge Evilmerodach fawe
this playe And the barons knyghtes and gentill-
men of his court playe wyth the philofopher/ he
meruaylled gretly of the beaulte and nouelte of the
playe/ And defired to playe agaynft y' philofopher/
The philofopher anfwerd and fayd to hym that hit
myght not be doon. But yf he firft lerned the playe/
The kynge faid hit was refon and that he wold put
him to the paync to leme hit Than the philofophre

14 ^he Game of Chefs.

began to teche hym and to fhewe hym the maner of
the table of the chefTe borde and the chefle meyne/
And aUb the maners and condicions of a kynge of
the nobles and of the comun peple and of theyr
offices and how they (hold be touchid and drawen.
And how he ihold amende hymfelf & become vcr-
tuous And whan this kynge herde that he re-
preuyd hym/ He demanded hym upon payne of
deth to teU hym wherfore he had founden and made
this playe/ And he anfwerd my ryght derc lord
and kynge/ the gretteft and moft thinge that I de-
fire is that thou haue in thy felf a gloryous and
vertuous lyf And that may I not fee/ but yf thou
be endodrined and well manerd and that had/ ib
may ft thou be belouyd of thy peple Thus than I
defire y* thou haue other gouernement than thou
haft had/ And that thou haue upon thy felf firft
feygnorye and maiftrye fuche as thou haft upon
other by force and not by right Certaynly hit is
not ryght that a man be mayfter ouer other and
comandour/ whan he can not rewle ner may rewie
himfelf and that his vertues domyne aboue bis
vices/ . For feygnourye by force and wylle may
not longe endure/ Than thus may thou fee oon of
the caufes why and wherfore I haue founden and
maad thys playe/ whyche Is for to correfte and re-
pent the of thy tyrannye and vicyous lyuynge/ .
For alie kynges fpecyally ought to here her corry-
geours or correAours and her correftions to hold
and kepe in mynde/ In lyke wyfe as Valerius re-
herceth that the kynge Alixandre had a noble and
renomed knyght that fayd in repreuynge of Alix-

The Game of Chefs. 1 5

andre that he was to moche couetous and in efpe*
cyall of the honours of the world/ And fayd to
hym yf the goddes had maad thy body as greet as
IS thy herte AUe the world coude not holde the/ .
For thou holdeft in thy right hand alle the Oryent/
And in thy lyfte hande the Occident/ fyn than hit is
fo/ or thou art a god or a man or nought/ yf thou
be god doo than well and good to the peple as god
doth/ And take not from them that they ought to
haue and is theyres. yf thou be a man/ thinke
that thou (halt dye/ And than thou (halt doo noon
euyll/ yf thou be nought forgcte thy felf/ ther is no
thynge fo ftronge and ferme/ but that fomtyme a
feble thinge cafteth doun and ouerthrowe hit How
well that the lyon be the ftrengeft befte/ yet fom-
tyme a lityll birde etcth hym/ The feconde caufe
wherfore this playe was founden and maad/ was for
to kepe hym from ydleneflc/ whereof fcnecque faith
unto lucylle ydlenes wyth oute ony ocupacion is
fepulture of a man lyuyng/ and varro faith in his
fentences that in lyke wife as men goo not for to
goo/ the fame wyfe the lyf is not gyucn for to lyuc
but for to doo well and good/ And therfore
fecondly the philofopher fonde this playe for to
kepe the peple from ydlenes/ . For there is moche
peple. Whan fo is that they be fortunat in worldly
goodes that they drawe them to eaie and ydlenes
wherof cometh ofte tymes many euyllys and grete
fynnes And by this ydlenes the herte is quenchid
wherof cometh defperacion/ The thirde caufe is
that euery man naturelly defireth to knowe and to
here noueltees and tydynges . For this caufe they

1 6 The Game of Chefs.

of atthenes ftudyed as we rede/ and for as the
corporall or bodyly fight enpefsheth and lettcth
otherwhyle the knowleche of fubtyll thinges/ ther-
fore we rede that ♦ democrion the phylofopher
put oute his owen eyen/ for as moche as he myght
haue the better ent^ndement and underftondynge/
Many haue ben made blynde that were grete derkis
in lyke wyfe as was dydymus bifshop of Alix-
andryc/ that how well that he fawe not yet he
was fb grete a clerk/ that gregore nazan & (aynt
lerome that were clerkes and mayftres to other/
came for to be his fcolers & lemed of hym And
faynt Anthonie The grete heremyte cam for to fee
hym on a tyme/ and amonge all other thynges/ he
demanded hym yf he were not gretly di^lefid that
he was blynde and fawe not. And he anfwerd that
he was gretly abafshid for that he fuppofid not that
he was not difplefid in that he had loft his fight/
And faynt Anthonye anfwerd to hym I meruayle
moche that hit difplefith the that thou haft loft that
thynge whiche is comyn betwene the and beftes.
And thou knoweft well that thou haft not lofte that
thynge that is comyn bitwene the and the angellis
And for thife caufes forfayd the philofopher en-
tended to put away alle penfifnes and thoughtes/ and
to thinke only on this playe as fhall be (aid & appere
in this book after.

• " democrite " in the fee. edit.

l^^Sfr^'^^-

BOOK II.

t

Tbejeconde tra^lalej the firft chapiter treteth of the
forme of a kynge of his maners and of bis eflale.

I HE kynge muft be thus maad. For
he muft fitte in a chayer clothed in
puqiure/ crowned on his heed in his
ryght hand a ceptre and in the lyfte
hande an apple of gold/ . For he is the moft gretteft
and hyeft in dignyte aboue alle other and moft
worthy. And that is (ignefyed by the corone/ .
For the glorye of the peple is the dignite of the
kynge/ And aboue all other the kynge ought to be
replenyfshid with vertues and of grace/ and thys
fignefieth the purpure. For in lyke wyfe as the
robes of purpure maketh fayr & enbelyfshith the

20 The Game of Chefs.

body/ the fame wife vertues maketh the fowle/ he
ought alleway thenlce on the gouemement of the
Royame and who hath thadmynyftracion of Jus-
tice/ And thys fhuld be by hym felf pryncipally.
This fignefieth the appell of gold that he holdeth in
his lyfte honde/ And for as moche as hit apper-
teyneth unto hym to pimyfshe the rebelles hath he
y* fceptre in his right hand And for as moche as
myiericorde and trouthe conferue and kepe the
kynge in his trone/ Therfore ought a kynge to be
mercyfiill and debonayr For whan a kynge or
prynce defired or will be belouyd of his peple late
hym be gouemed by debonarite And Valerius faith
that debonairte percyth the hertes of ftraungers
and amolifshith and maketh fofte the hertes of his
enemyes/ wherof he reherceth that philoftratus that
was due of athenes had a doughter/ whom a man
louyd fo ardantly/ that on a tyme as he iawe her
wyth her moder/ fodaynly he cam and kyfled her/
wherof the moder was fo angry and foroufuU that
flie wente and requyred of her lord the due/ that
his heed myght be finyten of/ The prynce anfwerd
to her and fayde/ yf we fhold flee them that loue
us/ what ftiall we doo to our enemyes that hate us/
Certaynly this was thanfwer of a noble & debonsur
prynce That fuffred that villonye don to his
doughter and to hymfelf yet more This prince had
alfo a frende that was named Arifpe that fayd on a
tyme as moche villonye unto the prynce as ony
man miht faye And that might not fuffiie hym/ but
he fcracchid hym in the vifage/ The prynce fuffiyd
hym paciently in fuche wyfe as thowh he had doon

T^he Game of Chefs. 2 1

to hym no vilonye but curtoyfye And whan his
fones wold haue auengid this vilonye/ he comanded
them that they (hold not be fo hardy fo to do The
next day folowyng arifpe remembrid of the right
grete vilonye that he had don to his frende and lord
wythoute caufe. He fyll in difpayr and wold haue
flayn hym felf/ whan the due knewe and under-
ftode that/ he cam to hym and fayd ne doubte the
nothynge And fwore to hym by his fayth/ that alfo
well he was and (hold be his frende fro than forthon
as euery he had ben to fore yf he wold And thus
he refpited hym of his deth by his debonairte. And
in lyke wyfe rede we of the kynge pirre to whom
was reported that they of tarente had faid grete
vilonye of hym. For whiche caufe he maad alle
them to come to fore hym And demanded of them
yf they had fo fayd. Than oon of them anfwerd
and fayd/ yf the wyn and the candellys had not
fayllyd/ diys langage had ben but a lape/ In re-
garde of that we had thought to haue doon/ Than
the kynge began to lawhe/ for they had confeflid
that fuche langage as was fayd and fpoken was by
dronkenftiip/ And for this caufe of debonairte the
peple of tarante toke for a cuftome that the dronken
men fhold be puuyfshyd/ And the fobre men
preyfed The kynge than thus ought to loue
himiylyte and hate falfite after the holy fcripture
that fpeketh of euery man generally/ For the kynge
in his royame reprefenteth god/ And god is verite/
And therfore hym ought to faye no thynge but yf
hit were veritable and ftable. Valerius reherceth
that Alixandre wyth alle his oofte rood for to de-

22 The Game of Chefs.

ftroye a cy te whyche was named lapfare/ whan than
a phylofophre whiche had to name Anaximenes
which had ben to fore maiftre & gouemour of
Alixandre herd and underftood of his comyng Cam
agayn Alixandre for to defire and requyre of hym.
And whan he fawe Alixandre he fuppofid to haue
axid his requefte/ Alixandre brake his demande to
fore and fwore to hym to fore he axid ony thynge
by his goddes. That fuche thynge as he axid or
requyryd of hym/ he wold in no wyfe doon/ Than
the philofopher requyred hym to deftroye the cyte/
whan Alixandre underftood his defire/ and the oth
that he had maad/ he fuffrid the cyte to ftande and
not to be deftroyed For he had leuer doo his wyll
than to be periured and forfwom and doo agaynft
his oth/ Quyntilian faith that no grete man nc lord
fhold not fwere/ but where as is grete nede/ And
that the fymple parole or worde of a prynce ought
to be more ftable than the oth of a marchaiit/
Alas how Icepe the prynces their promiffes in thife
dayes/ not only her promifes but their othes her
fealis and wrytynges & fignes of their propre
handes/ alle faylleth god amende hit &c. A kynge
alfo ought to hate alle cruelte/ For we rede that
neuer yet dyed ony pietous perfone of euyll deth ne
cruell perfone of good deth Therfore recounted!
Valerius that ther was a man named theryle a werke-
man in metall/ that made a boole of coppre and a
lityll wyket on the fide/ wherby men myght put in
them that fhuld be brent therin/ And hit was maad
in fuche manere/ that they that fhold be put and
enclofid therin (hold crye nothinge lyke to the

The Game of Chefs. 23

wys of a man but of an oxe And this made he be
caufe men fhold haue the lafle pite of them. Whan
he had made this bole of copper/ he prefcnted hit
unto a kynge which was callyd philarde that was fb
cruell a tyrant that he delited in no thinge but in
cruelte And he told hym the condicion of the bole/
Whan philarde herde and underftode this/ he
alowed and preyfed moche the werke/ And after
fayde to hym/ thou that art more cruell than I am/
thou (halt aflaye & prove firft thy pfente and yeft/
And fb ;nade hym to goo in to the boole and dye
an euyll deth/ Therfore faith Ouide ther is no
thinge more raifonable than that a man dye of
fuche deth as he purchafeth unto other Alfo the
kynge ought fouerainly kepc luftice/ who maketh
or kepeth a royame with Oute luftice/ of verray
force ther mufte be grete robberye and thefte
Therfor reherceth faint Auguftyn in a book which
is intituled the cyte of god/ that there was a theef
of the fee named diomedes that was a grete rouar
and dide fo moche harme that the complaintes cam
to fore Alixander whiche dide hym to be taken &
brought to fore hym/ and he demanded hym wher-
fore he was fo noyous & cruell in the fee And he
anfwerd to hym agayn/ for as moche as thou art
oon a lande in the world/ fo am I another in y* fee/
but for as moche as the euyll y^ I doo is in oon
galeye or tweyne therfore I am callyd a theef/ but
for as moche as thou doft in many fhippis and with
grete puyflance and power/ therfore art thou callyd
an emperour/ but yf fortune were for me in fuche
wyfe/ I wold be come a good man and better than

24 ^he Game of Chefs.

I now am/ but thou/ the more richer and fortunat
that thou art/ the more worfe art thou/ Alixander
fayd to hym I fhall change thy fortune in fuche
wyfe as thou ne faye/ that thou fhalt doo hit by
pouerte/ but for euyii and mauaifte/ And (b he
made hym ryche/ And thys was he that afterward
was a good prynce and a good lufticyer/ The
kynge ought to be foueraynly chafte/ And this
fignefyeth a quene that is only on his ryght fyde
For hit is to be beleuyd and credible that whan the
kynge is a good man lufte . trewe & of good
maners and condicions/ that his children fhall folowe
gladly the fame/ for a good ibne & a trewe ought
not to foriake & goo fro y* good condicions of
his fader. For certes hit is agaynft god and nature
in partie whan a man taketh other than his propre
wyf/ And that fee we by birdes/ of whom the male
and female haue to gyder the charge in kepynge
and norifshinge of their yonge fowlis and bircUs/ •
For fome maner of fowlis kepen them to theyr
femeles only/ As hit appereth by ftorkes dowues
and turtils/ But tho fowles that norifshith not their
birdes haue many wyues and femelles/ As the cock
that no thynge nonfshith his chekens/ And ther-
fore amonge alle the beftes that been/ Man and
woman putteth moft theyr entente and haue mofte
cure & charge in norifshyng of their children/ And
therfore doon they agaynft nature in partye whan
they leue theyr wyues for other women/ Of this
chaftete reherceth Valerius an example and faith
that ther was a man of rome which was named
feipio afFrican. For as moche as he had conquerd

The Game of Chefs. 25

aflfricque how well that he was of rome bom.
Whan he was of .xxxiiii, ycr of age he conquerd car-
tage And toke moche peple in Oftage/ Amonge
whom he was prefented wyth a right fair mayde
for his {bias and playiir whiche was afTurid and
handfaft unto a noble yong gentillman of cartage
whiche was named Indiuicible/ And anon as this
gentill fcipio knewe that Notwythftandyng that he
was a prynce noble & lufly Dyde do calle anon the
parents and kynneimen of them And deliuerid to
them their doughter wyth oute doyng of ony
vilonye to her/ and y* raenfbm or gold that they
had ordeyned for their doughter/ gaf hit euery dele
In dowaire to her And the yong man that was her
hufbonde fawe the fraunchife and gentilnes of hym/
torned hymfelf and fiie hertes of the noble peple
unto the loue & alliance of the romayns/ And
this fuffifeth as towchynge the kynge &c.

T^he Game of Chefs. 27

kynge by nature and of ryght For better is to
haue a kynge by fucceffion than by eleccion/ For
oftentymes the eledours and chofers can not ne wyll
not accorde/ And fo is the eiedion left/ And other-
whyie they chefe not the befte and moft able and
conuenyent/ but hym that they beft ioue/ or is for j
them moft proffytable/ But whan the kynge is by
lignage and by trewe fucceilion/ he is taught en-
feygned and nourrifhid in his yongth in alle good
& vertuous tacches and maners of hys fader/ And
alfo the prynces of the royame dar not fo hardily
mene warre agaynft a kynge hauynge a fone for to
regne after hym And fo a Quene ought to be
chafte. wyfe. of honcft peple/ well manerd and not
curyous in nourifshynge of her children/ her wyfe-
dom ought not only tappere in feet and werkes but
alfo in fpekynge that is to wete that ihe be fecrete
and telle not fuche thynges as ought to be holden
fecrete/ Wherfore it is a comyn prouerbe that
women can kepe no counceyle And accordyng ther-
to Macrobe rehcrceth in the book of the dremes of
Scipio. That ther was a child of rome that was
named papirus that on a tyme went with his fader
whiche was a fonatour into the chambre where as
they helde their counceyll And that tyme they fpak
of fuche maters as was comanded and agreed fhold
be kept fecrete upon payn of their heedes And fo
departed And whan he was comen home from the
fenatoire and fro the counceyll with his fader/ his
moder demanded of hym what was the counceyll
and wherof they (pack and had taryed fo longe there
And the childe anfwerd to her and fayd he durft not

28 T^he Game of Chefs.

telle ner faye hit for ib moche as hit was defended
upon payn of deth Than was the moder more
deiirous to knowe than fhe was to fore/ And began
to flatere hym one tyme And afterward to menace
hym that he (hold faye and telle to her what hit was
And whan the childe fawe that he nught haue no
refte of his moder in no wife He made her firft
promife that fhe (hold kepe hit fecrete And to telle
hit to none of the world/ And that doon/ he
fayned a lefing or a lye and fayd to her/ that the
fenatours had in counceyll a grete queftion and dif-
ference whiche was this/ whether hit were better
and more for the comyn wele of rome/ that a man
fhold have two wyuys/ or a wyf to haue two huf*
bondes/ And whan (he had underflonde this/ he
defended her that (he (hold telle hit to none other
body And after this (he wente to her godyb and
told to her this counceyll (ecretly/ And (he told to
an other/ And thus euery wyf tolde hit to other in
fecrete And thus hit happend anone after that alle
the wyues of rome cam to the (enatorye where the
fenatours were a(remblid/ And cryed wyth an hjrc
voys/ that they had leuer/ and alfo hit were better
for the comyn wele that a wyf (hold haue two huf-
bondes than a man two wyues/ The fenatours
heerynge this, were gretly abafshid and wifl not
what to faye/ ner how to anfwere/ tyll at lafte that the
child papire reherced to them all the caas and feet
how hit was happend And whan the fenatours
herd & underflood the mater they were gretly
abafshid/ and comended gretly y* Ingenye & wytte
of the child that fb wifely contriued the lye rather

T^he Game of Chefs. 29

than he wolde difcouere their couceyll/ And forth-
with made hym a fenatour/ and eftablifshid & or-
deyned fro than forthon that no childe in ony wife
fhoU entre in to y' counceyll hous amonge them
with their faders exept papirus/ whome they wold
y* he fliold alwey be among them/ alfo a quene
ought to be chafte/ for as (he is aboue all other in
aftate & reuerece fb (hold fhe be enfample to all
other in her liuyng honeftly/ wherof lerome reher-
ceth agaynft lonynyan/ that ther was a gentilman
of rome named duele/ and this man was he y* firft
fond y* maner to fight on y* water/ and had firft
vidorie/ this duele had to his wif one of the beft
women & fo chafte/ that euery woman might take
enfample of her/ And at y* tyme the fynne of the
flefshe was the gretteft fynne y^ ony might doo
agajcnft nature/ And this fayd good woman was
named ylye/ and fo it happend that this duele be-
cam fo olde that he ftowped & quaqued for age
And on a tyme one of his aduerfaries repreuyd &
reprochid hym fayng that he had a ftynkynge breth/
And forthwyth he wente home to his wyf alle angry
and abafshid and axid her why and wherfore fhe
had not told his defaulte to hym that he myght
haue founden remedye to haue ben purgid therof/
And (he anfwerd that as for as moche as fhe fup-
pofid that euery man had that fame faute as well as
he. For fhe kyft neuer ony mannes mouth but her
hufbondes/ O moche was this woman to be preyfed
& haue a finguler lawde wenynge that this defaulte
had not ben only in her hufbonde/ wherfore fhe
fufifrid hit paciently in fuche wyfe that her hufbonde

'J

30 The Game of Chefs.

knewe his defaute fonner by other than by her/
Alfo we rede that ther was a wedowe named anna/
whiche had a fi^nde that counceyllid her to marye/
For fhe was yong fayr and riche/ to whom fhe an-
fwerd that fhe wold not fo doo in no wife For yf I
(hold haue an hufbond as I haue had and that he
were as good as he was/ I (hold euer ben a ferd to
lofe hym/ lyke as I loft that other/ And than fhold
I lyue all wey in fere & drede/ whiche I wyll not
And yf hit happend me to haue awors/ what fhold
hyt prouffite me to haue an euyll hufbond after a
good. And fo fhe concluded that fhe wold kepe
her chaftete. Saynt Auftyn reherceth in the book
de Civitate dei that in rome was a noble lady gen-
till of maners & of hyghe kynrede named lucrecia/
And had an hufbonde named colatyne/ whiche de-
fired on a tyme the Empours fone named Torquyne
thorguyllous or the proude and he was callid fixte
for to come dyne and fporte hym in his caftell or
manoir And whan he was entrid amonge many
noble ladyes he fawe lucrecia/ And whan this Em-
pours fone had feen & aduertifed her deportes. her
contenance. her manere. and her beaulte/ he was
all rauyfshid and efprifed wyth her loue forthwyth
And efpyed a tyme whan her hufbonde collatyn
wente unto the oofte of thempour/ and camm to the
place where as lucrefle was with her felawfhip/
whom fhe rcceyuyd honorably/ and whan tyme
came to goo to bedde and flepe fhe made redy a
bedde ryally for hym as hit apperteyned to the em-
perours fone And this fixtus efpyed where lucrefta
laye. And whan he fuppofyd & knewe that euery

The Game of Chefs. i\

body wa8 in his firft deep/ he cam to the bedde of
lucrefle and that oon hand fette on her brefte and
in that other hand a naked fwerd/ and fayd to her/
lucrefle holde thy pees and crye not/ For I am
fixte tarquynus fone/ for yf y" fpeke ony worde
thou flialt be dede/ And for fere fhe held her pees/
Than he began to praye and promife many thinges
And after he menaced & thretenyd her that (he
fliold enclyne to hym to do his wyll/ And whan he
fawe he coude ner might haue his entent he fayd
to her yf thou do not my wyll/ I ftiall flee the
and con of thy feruantes and fliall leye hym all ded
by thy fyde And than I ihall faye that I haue flayn
yow for your rybawdrye/ And lucrefle that than
doubted more the ihame of the world than the deth
confentid to hym/ And anone after as the Em-
pours fone was departid/ the ladye fente Ires to her
huflx)nd her fader her brethern & to her frendes/
and to a man callid brute conceyllour & neuewe to
tarquyn/ And fayd to them/ that yefl:erday fixte the
empours (one cam in to myn hous as an enemye in
hkenes of a frende/ & hath oppreflid me Andknowe
y" colatyn that he hath di(honorid thy bedde
And how well y' he hath fowled & dUhonored my
body/ yet myn herte is not/ wherfore I befeche the
of pardon foryfncs & abfolucion of the trefpas
but not of the payne/ and he y' hath doon this
fynne to me hit (hall ben to his mefchance yf ye
doo your deuoir/ A nd be caufe no woman take cn-
fample of lucreiTe and lyue after the trefpaas/ but
that (he in lyke wyfe take enfample alfo of the
payne And forthwyth wyth a fwerd that (he helde

32 Hhe Game of Chefs.

under her gowen or robe/ fhc roof her fclf unto the
herte And deyde forthwyth to fore them/ And
than brute the counfeiUr And her hufbond collatyn
and alle her other frendes fwore by the blood of
lucrefle that they wold neuer refte vnto the tyme
that they had put out of rome tarquyn and and alle
his lignee/ And that neuer after none of them fliold
come to dignite/ And alle this was doon. For they
bare the dede corps thurgh the cyte and meuyd the
peple in fuche wyfe/ that tarquyn was put in exyle
And fixte his Tone was flayn/ A Quene ought to
be well manerd & amonge alle fhe ought to be tu-
merous and fhamefaft/ For whan a woman hath
lofte fhamefaftnes/ fhe may ner can not well be
chaaft/ Wherfore faith fymachus that they that
ben not fhamefaft haue no confcience of luxurye/
And faynt Ambrofe faith that oon of the beft pare-
ments and maketh a woman moft fayr in her per-
fone/ is to be fhamefaft/ Senecque reherceth that
ther was oon named Archezille whiche was fb
fhamefaft That fhe put in a pelow of fethers a cer-
tain fome of money/ and put hit vnder y* heed of a
pour frende of heeris/ whiche diffimyled his pouerte
and wold not ner durft not be a knowen of his
pouerte For for fhame fhe durft not gyue hit openly/
but had leuer that he fhold fynde hit/ than that fhe
had gyuen hit hym/ Wherfore otherwhile men fhold
gyue & helpe her frendes fo fecretly That they
knowe not whens hit come/ For whan we kepe hit
fecret and make nobooft therof/ our deedes and
werkes fhall plefe god and them alfb/ A Quene
ought to be chofen whan fhe fhall be wedded of the

The Game of Chefs. 3 3

moft honeft Icynrede and peplc/ For oftentymes the
doughters folowen the tacches and maners of them
that they ben difcended from/ Wherof Valerius
maximus fayth that then was one that wold marye/
whiche cam to a philolbpher and axid counceyll
what wif he might beft take He anfwerd that he
ftiold take her that thou knowe certaynly that her
moder and her grauntdame haue ben chaaft and
well condicioncd/ For fuche moder/ fuche doughter
comunely/ Alfo a quene ought to teche her chil-
dern to ben contynent and kepe chaftite entyerly/
as hit is wreton in ecclefiaftes/ yf thou haue fones
enfcigne and teche them/ And yf thou haue dough-
ters kepe well them in chaftite/ For helemonde re-
herceth that euery kynge & prynce ought to be a
clerke for to coraande to other to ftudye and rede
the lawe of our lord god/ And therfore wrote them-
pcrour to the kynge of france that he (hold doo
lerne hys children fones the feuen fcienccs lyberall/
And faide amonge other thynges that a kynge not
lettryd refembleth an afle coroned/ Themperour
Oftauian maad his ibnes to be taught and lerne to
fwyme. to fprynge and lepe. to lufte, to playe wyth
the axe and fwerde/ And alle maner thynge that
apperteyneth to a knyght/ And his doughters he
made hem to lerne. to fewe. to fpynne, to laboure as
well in wolle as in lynnen cloth/ And alle other
werkis longynge to women And whan his frendes
demanded wherfore he dydc fo/ he anfwerd how
well that he was lord & fyre of alle the world/ yet
wyfte he not what /hold befalle of his children and
whether they fhold falle or come to pouerte or noo/

34 ^he Game of Chefs.

and therforc yf they conne a good crafte they maye
alleway lyue honeftly/ The Quene ought to kepe
her doughters in alle chaftyte/ For we rede of many
may dens that for theyr virginite haue ben made
quenes/ For poule the hiftoriagraph of the lom-
bardes reherceth y* ther was a duchefle named re-
monde whiche had .iii. fones & two doughters And
hit happend that the kynge of hongrye cantanus
aflaylled a caftell where fhe behelde her enemyes
And amonge all other fhe fawe the kynge that he
was a well faryng and goodly man/ Anone fhe
was efprifed and taken wyth his loue/ And that fb
fore/ that forthwith fhe fent to hym that fhe wold
deliuere ouer the caflell to hym yf he wold take her
to his wyf and wedde her And he agreed therto/
and fware that he wold haue her to his wyf on that
condicion/ whan than the kynge was in the caflell/
his peple toke men and women and alle that they
fonde/ her fones fledde from her/ of whom one was
named Ermoaldus and was yongefl/ and after was
due of boneuentan/ And fyn kynge of the lumbar-
dis. And the two fufters toke chikens And put hem
vnder her armes next the flefsh and bytwene her
pappes/ that of the heete & chaflfyng the flefsh of
the chikens flanke. And whan fo was that they of
hongrye wold haue enforcid & defowled hem anone
they felte the flenche and fledde away and fb lefte
hem fayng/ fy how thefe lombardes ftynke/ and fb
they kept their virginite/ wherfore that one of them
afterward was Quene of france And that other
Quene of Aleman/ And hit happend than that the
kynge Catanus toke acordynge to his promyfe the

The Game of Chefs. 35

ducheffe/ and laye with her one night for to faue
his oth And on the mom he made her comune
unto alle the hongres/ And the thirde day after he
dyde doo put a ftaf of tre fro the nether part of her/
diurgh her body vnto her throte or mouthe/ for be
caufe of the luft of her flefeh ftie betrayed her cyte
and fayd fuche hufbond/ fuche wyf &c And diis
fuJficeth of the Quene.

The Ihirde chafUre of the Jeconde traSiate treteth of
the alfhyns her offices and matters.

HE AJphyns ou^t to be made and
formed in manere of luges fyttynge in
a chayer wyth a book open to fore
their eyen/ And that is be caufe that
fome caufes ben crymyndl/ And ibme ben cyuyle
as aboute poflefTyons and other temporcJl thynges
and trefpaces/ And therfore ought to be two luges
in the royame/ one in the black for the firft caufc/
And that other in whyte as for the (econde/ Thcyr
office is for to counceyll the kynge/ And to make
by his comandements good iawes And to enforme
alle the royame in good and vertuous maners/ And
to luge and gyue fentence well and truly after the

7he Game of Chefs. 37

caas is had/ And to counceyll well and luftely alle
them that are counceyll of hem/ wyth oute hauynge
of ony eye opene to ony perfone/ And to eftudye
diligently in fuche wyfe and to ordeygne alle that/
that ought to be kept be obferuyd be fafte and ftable/
So that they be not founde corrupt for yeft for
favour ne for lignage ne for enuye variable And as
touchynge the firft poynt Seneque fayth in the book
of benefetes that the poure Dyogenes was more
ftronge than Alixandre/ For Alixandre coude not
gyue fo moche as Diogenes wold reffufe.

Marcus curfus a romayn of grete renome fayth
thus. That whan he had be(iegid & aflayllyd them
of famente And boneuentans whiche herde that he
was poure/ they toke a grete made and wegghe of
gold and fended hit to hym prayng hym that he
wold refleyue hyt and leue his aflault and fiege/
And whan they cam with the prefent to hym they
fonde hym fittynge on the erthe and eti his mete
oute of platers and difshes of tree and of wode and
dyde than her mefTage/ to whom he anfwerd and
fayde that they (hold goo hoome and faye to them
that fente hem that marcus curfus loueth better to
be lord and wynne richefles than richefles (hold
Wynne hym/ For by bataylle he (hall not be ouer-
come and vaynquyfshid Nor be gold ne filuer he
(hal not be corrupt ne corompid Often tymes that
thynge taketh an euyll ende that is vntrewe for gold
and filuer/ And that a man is fubgett vnto money
may not be lord therof/ helimond reherceth that
♦ demonfcene demanded of ariftodone how moche

• " demoftene " in fee. edit.

38 The Game of Chefs.

he had wonne for pletynge of a cauie for his clyent/
And he anfwerd a marck of gold/ ♦♦ Demofcenes
anfwerd to hym agayn that he had wonne as moche
for to hold his pees and fpeke not Thus the tonges
of aduocates and men of lawe ben pyllous and
domegeable/yet they muft be had yf thou wyltwynnc
thy caufe for wyth money and yeft thou fhall wynnc
And oftetymes they felle as welle theyr fcilence/ as
theyr vtterance/ Valerius reherceth that the fenatours
of rome toke counceyll to geder of two perfbnes that
one was poure/ And that other riche and couetous/
whiche of hem bothe were moft apte for to fende to
gouerne and luge the contre of fpayne/ and fcipion
of afFricque fayd that none of them bothe were good
ner prouffitable to be fente theder/ For that one
hath no thynge And to that other may nothynge
fuffife And defpifed in his faynge alle pouerte and
auerice in a luge/ For a couetous man hath nede of
an halfpeny For he is (eruant & bpnde vnto money/
and not lord therof. But pouerte of herte & of
wylle ought to be gretly alowed in a luge Therforc
we rede that as longe as the romayns louyd pouerte
they were lordes of all the world For many ther
were that expofed alle their goodes for the com3m
wele and for that was moft prouffitable for the
comynaulte that they were fb poure that whan they
were dede they were buryed & brought to erthe
wth the comyn good/ And theyr doughters were
maryed by the comandement of the fenatours/
But fyn that they defpifed pouerte/ And begonne
to gadre rychefles/ And haue maad grete bataylles/

•• " dcmoftcncs " in fee. edit.

TUhe Game of Chefs. 39

they haue vfed many fynncs And fo the comyn wcle
peryfshid/ For there is no fynne but that it regneth
there/ Ther is none that is fo ♦ fynfuU as he that
hath alle the world in defpyte/ For he is in pees
that dredeth no man/ And he is ryche that couey teth
no thynge/ Valere reherceth that he is not ryche
that moche hath/ But he is ryche that hath lytyll
and coueyteth no thynge/ Than thus late the luges
take hede that they enclyne not for loue or for hate
in ony lugement/ For theophraft faith that alle
loue is blynde ther loue is/ ther can not ryght luge-
ment by guyen/ For alle loue is blynde And ther-
fore loue is none euyn luge For ofte tymes loue
lugeth a fowU & lothly woman to be fayr And fo
reherceth quynte curie in his firft book that the
grete Godaches fayth the fame to Alixandre men
may faye in this caas that nature is euyll For euery
man is lade auyfod and worfe in is owne feet and
caufo than in an other mans/ And therfore the luges
ought to kepe hem well from yre in lugement/
Tullius fayth that an angry & yrous pfone weneth
that for to doo euyll/ is good counceyll/ and focrates
faith y* . ii . thinges ben contraryous to couceyll/
and they ben haftynes & wrath/ and Galeren fayth
in Alexandrye/ yf yre or wrath ouercome the whan
thou fholdeft gyue lugement/ weye all thinge in y*
balance fo that thy lugement be not enclyned by
loue ne by yefte/ ne fauour of perfone tome not thy
corage. Helemond reherceth that Cambyfes kynge
of perfe whiche was a rightwys kynge had an

• " bJisful " in the fee. edit. — The reading of the firft edition
is evidently a mifprint.

40 The Game of Chefs.

vnrightwys luge/ whiche for enuye and cuyll will had
dampned a man wrongfully and agaynft right/
wherfore he dide hym to be flain all quyk/ and
made the chayer or fiege of lugement to be couerid
wyth his fkyn/ And made his (one luge and to iitte
in the chayer on the fkyn of his fader/ to thende
that the fone fhold luge rightwyfly/ And abhorre
the lugement &c payne of his fader/ luges ought to
punyfshe the defaultes egally And fullfille the lawe
that they ordeyne/ Caton fayth accomplifshe and do
the lawe in fuche wyfe as thou haft ordeyned and
gyuen. Valerius reherceth that calengius a confull
had a fone whiche was taken in adwultrye. And
therfore after the lawe at that tyme he was dampned
to lofe bothe his eyen The fader wold y* the lawe
{hold be acc5pli{shid in his fone with out fauour/
but all the cyte was meuyd herewyth And wold
not fuiFre hit/ but in the ende his fader was vayn-
quyfshid by theyr prayers/ And ordeyned that his
fone fhold lefe oon eye whiche was put oute And he
hymfelf lofl an other eye/ And thus was the lawe
obferued and kept/ And the prayer of the peple was
accomplifshid We rede y* ther was a counceyllour
of rome that had gyen counceill to make a flatute/
that who fome euer that entrid in to the fenatoire/
& a fwerd gyrt aboute hym fhold be ded/ Than
hit happend on a tyme that he cam from with out
and entrid in to the fenatoyre & his fwerd gyrt
aboute hym/ wherof he took non heede/ and on of
the fenatours told hym of hit/ and whan he knewe
hit & remembrid the flatute/ he drewe oute his
fwerd & fie we hymfelf to fore them/ rather to dye

The Game of Chefs. 41

than to breke the lawe/ for whos deth all the fena-
tours made grete forowe/ but alas we fynde not
many in th'ife dayes that foo doo/ but they doo
lyke as anaftafius faith that the lawes of fome ben
lyke vnto the nettis of fpyncoppis that take no grete
belles & fowles but lete goo & flee thut^h. But
they take flyes & gnattes & fuche fmale thynges/
In lyke wife the lawes now a dayes ben not executed
but vpon the poure peple/ the grete and riche breke
hit & goo thurgh with all And for this caufe fourden
bataylles & difcordes/ and make y° grete & riche
men to take by force and ftrengthe lordlhippis St,
fcignouries vpon the fmale & poure peple/ And
this doon they fpecially that ben gentill of lignagc
& poure of goodes And caufeth them to robbe and
reue And yet coftrayned them by force to ferue
them And this is no meruayll/ for they that drede
not to angre god/ ncr to breke the lawe and to falfe
hit/ Falle often tymes by force in moche curfednes
and wikkidnes/ but whan y' grete peple doo acord-
inge to y' lawe/ and puny/h the trafgreflburs (harply
The comyn peple abftayne and withdrawe hem fro
dooyng of euyll/ and chaftifcth hem (elf by theyr
example/ And the luges ought to entende for to
ftudie/ for y' yf fmythes the carpetiers y' vignours
and other craftymen faye that it is moft neceflarye
to ftudyc for the comyn prouffit And gloryfye them
in their connyng and faye that they ben prouffitable
Than ihold the luges lludie and contemplaire moche
more than they in that/ that fliotd be for the comyn
wele/ wherfore fayth feneke beleue me that they
feme that they do no thynge they doo more than they

42 T*he Game of Chefs.

that laboure For they doo fpirytuell and alfo cor-
porall werkis/ and thcrfore amonge Artificers thcr
is no plefant refte/ But that refon of the luges hath
maad and ordeyned hit/ And therfore angelius
in libro actiui atticatorum de (berate fayth That
(berates was on a tyme fo penfyf that in an hole
naturell daye/ He helde one eftate that he ne meuyd
mouth ne eye ne foote ne hand but was as he had
ben ded rauyfshyd. And whan one demanded hym
whcrfore he was fo pen(yf/ he anfwerd in alle
worldly thynges and labours of the fame And helde
hym bourgoys and cytezeyn of the world And
Valerius reherceth that camardes a knyght was (b
fage wy(e and laborous in penfifnes of the comyn
wele/ that whan he was (ette at table for to ete/ he
forgate to put his hande vnto the mete to fede
hymfelf. And therfore his wyf y* was named
mellyfe whom he had taken more to haue her com-
panye & felaw(hip than for ony other thynge/
Fedde hym to thende that he (hold not dye for
honger in Ws penfifnes/ Dydymus (ayd to Alix-
andrie we ben not deyn(eyns in the world but
ftraugers/ ner we ben not bom in the world for to
dwell and abyde allway therein/ but for to goo and
pafie thurgh hit/ we haue doon noon euyll dede/ but
that it is worthy to be puny(shid and we to fufifre
payne therfore And than we may goon with opon
face and good confcience And (b may we goo lightly
and appertly the way that we hope and purpo(e to
goo This fuffifeth as for the Alphyns.

^he fourth chapitre of the feconde book trelelh of the
ordre of cheualerye and knyghthode and of her offices
and maners.

■ HE knyght ought to be made alle
' armed upon an hors ii» fuche wyfe
, that he haue an helme on his heed and
1 a fpere in his ryght hande/ and coucryd
wyth his (held/ a fwerde and a mace on his lyft
fyde/ Cladd wyth an hawberk and plates to fore his
brefte/ legge hamoys on his legges/. Spores on his
heelis on his handes his gauntelettes/ his hors well
broken and taught and apte to bataylle and couerid
with his armes/ whan the knyghtes ben maad they
ben bayned or bathed/ that is the figne that they

44 ^fi^ Game of Chefs.

(hold lede a newe lyf and newe maners/ alfo they
wake alle the nyght in prayers and oryfons vnto god
that he wylle gyue hem grace that they may gete
that thynge that they may not gete by nature/ The
kynge or prynce gyrdeth a boute them a fwerde in
iigne/ that they fhold abyde and kcpe hym of
whom they take theyr difpenfes and dignyte. Alfo
a knyght ought to be wife, liberall. trewe. ftronge
and full of mercy and pite and kepar of the peple
and of the lawe/ And ryght as cheualrye pafTeth
other in vertu in dignite in honour and in reuerece/
right fo ought he to furmounte alle other in vertu/
For honour is no thing ellis but to do reuerece to
an other pfone for y* good & vertuo^ di^ficion
y* is in hym/ A noble knyght ought to be wyfe
and preuyd to fore he be made knyght/ hit be-
houed hym that he had longe tyme vfid the warre
and armes/ that he may be expert and wyfe for to
gouerne the other For fyn that a knyght is capi-
tayn of a batayll The lyf of them that (hall be
vnder hym lyeth in his hand And thcrfore bc-
houeth hym to be wyfe and well liduyfcd/ for fome
tyme arte craft and engyue is more worth than
ftrengthe or hardynes of a man that is not proued
in Armes/ For otherwhyle hit happeth that whan
the prynce of the batayll affieth and trufteth in his
hardynes and flrength And wole not vfe wyfedom
and engyne for to renne vpon his enemyes/ he is
vaynquyfshid and his peple flayn/ Therfore (kith
the philofopher that no man (hold chefe yong peple
to be captayns & gouemours For as moche as ther
is no certainte in her wyfedom. Alexandre of

The Game of Chefs. 45

macedone vaynquyfehid and conquerid Egypte lude
Caldee Aflricque/ and Affirye vnto the marches of
bragmans more by the counceyll of olde men than
by the ftrength of the yong men/ we rede in the
hiftorye of rome y* ther was a knyght whiche had
to name malechete that was fo wyfe and trewe
that whan the Empour Theodofius was dede/ he
made mortall warre ayenft his broder germain
whiche was named Gildo or Guye For as moche
as this iaid guye wold be lorde of affricque with
oute leue and wyll of the fenatours. And this fayd
guye had flayn the two (ones of his broder male-
chete/ And dide moche torment vnto the criftcn
peple And afore that he (hold come in to the felde
ayenft his broder Emyon/ he wente in to an yle of
capayre And ladde with hym alle the criften men
that had ben fente theder in Exyle And made hem
alle to praye wy th hym by the fpace of thre dayes &
thre nyghtis/ For he had grete trufte in the prayers
of good folk/ & fpecially that noman myght coun-
ceyll ne helpe but god/ and .iii. dayes to fore he
fhold fight iaynt Ambrofe whiche was ded a lityl to
fore apperid to hym/ and fhewde hym by reuelacion
the tyme & our that he fhold haue viAorie/ and for
as moche as he had ben .iii. dayes and .iii nyghtes
in his prayers & that he was aflewrid for to haue
viftorie/ He faught with .v. thoufand men ayenft
his broder y^ had in his companye .xxiiii. thoufand
men And by goddes helpe he had viftorie And
whan the barbaryns y* were comen to helpe guion
fawe y* difconfiture they fledde away/ and guion
fledd alfo in to afiricque by ftiipp/ and whan he was

46 The Game of Chefs.

tfaer arryued he was Tone after ftranglid/ Thefe
•ii. knyghtes of whom I ^ke were two bredem
gcmiayns/ whiche were fent to afincque for to de-
fende the comyn week/ In likewife ludas marhahe^
lonathas & (ymon his bredem put hem felf in die
mercy and garde of our lord god And agayn die
cnemyes of the lawe of god with fityll pepk in re-
gard of the multitude diat were agayn diem/ and
had alio viAorye/ The knights ought to ben
trewe to theyr princes/ for he that is not trewe
lefeth y* name of a knight Vnto a prince tronth
is the gre ttefl precious ftone whan it is medEd with
lufHce/ Pauk the hiftoriagraph of die lombardes
reherceth that ther was a knight named enulphus
and was of die cyte of papye that was ts^ trewe to his
kynge named patharich/ that he put hym in parill
of deth for hym/ For hit happend diat Grymakl
Due of *buuentayns of ifdiom we haue touched to
fore in the chapitre of the Quene/ Dyde do flee
Godebert whiche vras kynge of die kmbardes by
the hande of Goribert due of Tauryn/ whiche was
difi»]ded of the crowne of kmibardis And this
grimakl was maad kynge of kmbardis in his place/
and after this put & bannyishid out of the co n tiey
this patharych whiche was broder vnto the kyi^
Godebert/ that for fere and drede fledd in to hoo-
gryc/ And dum diis knyght Enulphus dide fo
moche that he gate die peas agayn of his lord pat-
harich agaynft the kynge grymalde/ and diat he
had licence to come out of hongrye where he was
all wey in par]^ and fi> he cam and cryed hym

M

The Game of Chefs. 47

mercy And the kynge grymalde gaf hym leue to
dwelle and to lyue honeftly in his contree/ allway
forfeen that he toke not vpon hym and named hym-
lelf kynge/ how well he was kynge by right This
doon a Htill while after/ the kynge that beleuyd
euyll tonges/ thought in hymlelf how he myght
brynge this patharich vnto the deth And alle this
knewe well the knyght enulphus/ whiche cam the
lame nyght with his fquyer for to vifite his lord
And made his fquyer to vnclothe hym & to lye in
the bedde of his lord And made his lord to ryfe
and clothe hym wyth the clothis of his (quyer/
And in this wyfe brought hym oute/ brawlynge and
betynge hym as his feruant by them that were af-
ligned to kepe the hows of patharik y' he fhoid not
elcape Whiche fuppofid that hit had ben his fquyer
that he entretid fo outragioufly/ & fo he brought
hym to his hous whiche loyned with the walles of
the toun/ And at mydnyght whan alle men were
afleepe/ he leteadoun his maillre by acorde/ whiche
toke an hors oute of the pafture And fled vnto
the cyte of Aaft and ther cam to the kynge of
fraunce/ And whan hit cam vnto the mom. Hit
was founden that Arnolphus and his Iquyer had de-
ceyvyd the kynge and the wacchemen/ whom the
kyng comanded ftiold be brought to fore hym And
demanded of them the maner how he was efcaped
And they told hym the trouthe/ Than the kynge
demanded his counceyll of what deth they had de-
feruyd to dye that had fo doon and wrought agayn
the wylle of hym/ Some fayde that they fhold ben
honged/ and fome fayd they (hold ben flayn And

48 The Game of Chefs.

other fayd that they (hold be beheedid. Than fayd
the kynge by that lord that made me/ they ben not
worthy to dye/ but for to haue moche worfhip and
honour/ For they haue ben trewe to theyr lord/
wherfore the kynge gaf hem a grete lawde and
honour for their feet And after hit happend that
the propre fquyer and feruant of godeberd flewe the
traytre Goribalde that by trayfon had flayn his lord
at a fefte of feynt lohn in his Cyte of Taiuyn wherof
he was lord and due/ Thus ought the knyghtes
to love to gyder/ And eche to put his lyf in aven-
ture for other/ For fo ben they the ftrenger And
the more doubted/ Lyke as were the noble knyghtes
loab and Abyfay that fought agaynft the fyryens
and Amonytes/ And were fo trewe that oon to
that other that they vaynquyfshid theyr enemies
And were fo loyned to gyder that yf the firyens
were ftrenger than that one of them/ that other helpe
hym/ we rede that damon and phifias were fo ryght
parfyt frendes to gyder that whan Dionifius whiche
was kynge of cecylle had luged one to deth for his
trefpaas in the cyte of fyracufane whom he wold
haue executed/ he defired grace and leue to goo in
to hys contre for to difpofe and ordonne his tefta*
ment/ And his felawe pleggid hym and was fewrte
for hym vpon his heed that he (hold come agayn.
Wherof they that fawe & herd this/ helde hym for
a fool and blamed hym/ And he faid all way that
he repentid hym nothynge at all/ For he knewe
well the trouth of his felawe And whan the day
cam and the oure that execuiion (hold be doon/ his
felawe cam and prefented hymfelf to fore the luge/

Tfie Game of Chefs. 49

And difchargid his felawe that was plegge for hym/

' wherof the kynge was gretly abafshid And for the

f gretc trouthe that was founden in hym He par-

rdonyd hym and prayd hem bothe that they wold

\ refleyue hym as their grete frende and felawe/ Lo

r here the vertues of loue that a man ought nought

'to doubte the deth for his frende/ Lo what it is to

r doofor a frende/ And tolede a lyf debonayr And

to be wyth out cruelte/ to loue and not to hate/

whiche caufcth to doo good ayenft euyll And to

torne payne into benefete and to quenche cruelte

Anthonyus fayth that Julius Cefar/ lefte not lightly

kfrenfhippe and Amytye/ But whan he had hit he

reteyned hit fafte and maynteyned hit alleway/

Scipion of Affricque fayth that ther is no thynge

fo ftronge/ as for to mayntcne loue vnto the deth

The loue of concupifcence and of Iccherye is fone

diflbluyd and broken/ But the verray true loue of

the comyn wele and prouffit now a dayes is leldc

founden/ where Ihall thou fynde a man in thyfe

dayes that wyll expoft hymfelf for the worfhippe

and honour of his frende/ or for the comyn wele/

lelde or neuer (hall he be founden/ Alfo the

knyghtes (hold be large & liberall For whan

a knyght hath regarde vnto his finguler prouffit

by his couetyfe/ he difpoylieth his peple For whan

the fouldyours fee that they putte hem in parylJ.

■ And theyr mayfter wyll notpaye hem theyr wages

liberally/ but entendeth to his owne propre gayn

and prouffyt/ than whan the Enemyes come they

torne lone her backes and flee oftentymes/ And

thus hit happeth by hym that entendeth more to

50 The Game of Chefs.

gete money than viftorye that his auaryce is ofte
tymes caufe of his confulion Than late euery
knyght take hccde to be liberall in fuche wyfe that
he wene not ne fuppofe that his fcarcete be to hym
a grete wynnynge or gayn/ And for thys caufe he
be the Uffc louyd of his peple/ And that his ad-
ueriaryc wythdrawe to hym them by large gyuynge/
For oftetyme bataylle is auaunced more for getynge
of filuer. Than by the force and ftrengthe of men/
For men fee alle dayc that fuche thynges as may
not be achieuyd by force of nature/ ben goten and
achieuyd by force of money/ And for fo moche hit
behoueth to fee wcU to that whan the tyme of the
bataylle cometh/ that he borowe not ne make no
tayllage/ For noman may be rychc that leuyth his
owne/ hopyng to gete and take of other/ Than all
waye all her gayn and wynnynge ought to be
comyn amonge them exept theyr Armes, For in
lyke wyfe as the viftorie is comune/ fo fhold the
difpoyll and botye be comune vnto them And
therfore Dauid that gentyll knyght in the fyrft
book of kynges in the lail chapitre made a lawe/
that he that abode behynde by maladye or {ekenes
in the tentes (hold haue as moche parte of the butyn
as he that had be in the bataylle/ And for the loue
of thys lawe he was made afterward kynge of
Ifraell/ Alexander of Macedone cam on a tyme
lyke a fymple knyght vnto the court of Porus
kynge of Inde for to efpye theftate of the kynge
and of the knyghtes of the court/ And the kynge
refleyuyd hym ryght worfhipfiilly/ And demanded
of hym many thynges of Alexander and of his con-

rhe Game of Chefs. 51

ftance and ftrengthe/ nothynge wenynge that he
had ben Alexander But antygone one of his
knyghtis and after he had hym to dyner And

I whan they had feruyd Alexander in vayflell of gold
■nd filuer with dyuerce metes &c. After that he

^ had eten fuche as picfid hym he voyded the mete
and toke the vayfleli and helde hit to hymfelf and
put hit in his bo(bm or fleuys/ wherof he was ac-
cuiid vnto the kynge After dyner than the kynge
callid hym and demanded hym wherfore he had
taken his vay Hell And he anfwerd/ Syre kynge my
lord I pray the to vnderftande and take heede thy

I felf and alfo thy knyghtes/ I haue herd moche of

' tl^y W^^^ hyenes And y' thou art more myghty
and puyflant in cheualrye & in difpenfis than is
Alexander/ and therfore I am come to the a pour
knyght whiche am named Antygone for to ferue
the/ Than hit is the cuftome in the Courts of Alex-
andre/ that what thynge a knyght is feruyd wyth

' all is alle his/ mete and vayflell and cuppe And
therfore I had fuppolid that this cuftome had ben
kept in thy court for thou art richer than he/ whan
the knyghtes herd this/ anon they lefte porus/ and
wente for to ferue alixandre/ and thus he drewe to
hym y' hertes of them by yeftes/ whiche afterward
flewe Porus that was kynge of Inde/ And they
made Alexandre kynge therof Therfore remembre
knyght alleway that wyth a clofid and fhette purfc
ftialt thou neuer haue viftorye. Ouyde fayth that
he that taketh yeftes/ he is glad therwyth/ For
they Wynne wyth yeftes the hertes of the goddes
and of men For yf lupiter were angrid/ wyth

52 The Game of Chefs.

yeftes he wold be pkfid/ The knyghtes ought to
be ftronge not only of body but alfi> in anagc
Ther ben many ftronge and grete of body/ that ben
faynt and feble in the herte/ he is ftronge diat may
not be vaynquyfshid and ouercomen/ how well diat
he (lifiryth moche otherwhik/ And fi> we beleue
diat they that be not ouer grete ne ooer lityll ben
moft corageous & befte in bataylL We rede that
cadnis due of athenes ftiold haue a batayll agayn
them of polipe/ And he was warned and had a
reueladon of the goddes/ that they (hold haue the
vidoiie of whom the prynce ftiold be flayn in die
batayll/ And the prince whiche was of a grete
cxM-age and trewe herte Toke other armes of a
poure man/ And put hymlelf in the frante of the
batayll to thende that he m^ht be flain And fi>
he was/ for the right trewe prince had leoer dye
Than his peple ftiold be ouercomen/ And fi> they
had the vidmye/ Certcs hyt was a noUe and fvjr
thynge to expofe hym felf to the deth for to defiende
hb contrey. But no man wold doo bj but yf he
hopyd to haue a better thynge Aerfot^/ Therfore
the lawe (ayth that they lyue in her finrks glorioofly
that ben flain in die warre for the oomyn wck A
kny^t ought aUb to be merdfull and pyc to us For
ther is nothynge y^ makedi a kny^ fi> renomedas
is whan he (auyth the lyf of them that he may fle^
For to ftiede and Ipylle blood is the ooocfidoa of a
wylde befte and not the coodicioo of a good knygfat
Therfore we rede that firylk diat was Due of die
Romayns wyth oote had many foyr TiAoyres
agaynft the Romayns wyth Inne that wereooii-

rhe Game of Chefs. 53

trayre to hym/ In ib moche that in the batayll of
[ puylle hcflewe .xvih. thoufand men/ And in cham-
* panye . Ixx . thou(and. And after in the cyte he
flewe thre thoufand men vnarmed And whan one
of his knyghtes that was named Quyntus catulus
fawe this crueite fayd to hym/ SefTe now and fuffre
them to iyue and be mercy full to them wyth whom
we haue ben viftorious And wyth whom we ought
to Iyue/ For hit is the moft hyeft and fayr ven-
geance that a man may doo/ as to (pare them &
gyue hem her lyf whome he may flee Therfore
Joab ordeyned whan abfalon was (layn/ he fowned
a trompette/ that his peple fliold no more renne &
flee theyr adueriaryes. For ther were flayn aboute
. XX . thoufand of them/ and in lyke wyie dide he
whan he faught ayenft Abncr And Abner was vayn-
quylshid and fledde. For where that he wentc in
the chaas he comanded to fpare the peple The
knyghtes ought to kepe the peple/ For whan the
peple ben in theyr tentcs or caftellis/ the knyghtes
ought to kepe the wacche/ For this caufe the ro-
mayns callyd them legyons And they were made
of dyuerce prouynces and of dyuerce nacyons to
ihentente to kepe the peple/ And the peple fhold
entende to theyre werke/ For no crafty man may
bothe entende to his craft & to fighte/ how may a
crafty man entende to hys werke fewrely in tymc
of warre but yf he be kept And right in fuche wyfe
as the knyghtes (hold kepe y' peple in tyme of peas
in lyke wife the peple ought to pourvcye for theyr
difpensis/ how (hold a plowman be fewre in the felde/
but yf the knyghtes made dayly wacche to kepe

54

The Game of Chefs.

hem/ For lyke as the glorye of a kynge is vpon
his knyghtis/ ib hit is nccefiaryc to the knyghtcs
that the marchantis craftymcn and comyn pqjk be
defended and keptc/ thcrfore late the knyghtea
kepe the peple in fuche wyfe that they maye enioye
pees and gete and gadre the coftis and expenfis of
them bothe/ we rede that Athis fayd to dauid whiche
was a knyght/ I make the my kepar and defendar
alleway. Thus (hold the knightes haue gretc zde
that the lawe be kept/ For the magefte ryall ought
not only to be garny(shid wyth armes but alio wyth
good lawes/ And therfore fhold they laboure that
they (hold be well kept Turgeus pompeyus re-
herceth of a noble knyght named Lignrgyus that
had made auncyent lawes the whiche the peple wold
not kepe ne obferue/ For they femed hard for them
to kepe And wold conftrayne hym to rapele & fette
hem a part whan the noble knight fawe that He
dyde the peple to vnderftande that he had not made
them/ but a god that was named Apollo dclphynus
had made them/ And had comanded hym that he
ftiold do the peple kepe them/ Thife wordcs auayled
not/ they wold in no wyfc kepe them/ And than he
sayd to them that hit were good that er the faid
lawes (hold be broken that he had gyuen to them
that he (hold goo and Ipeke wyth the god AppoUo/
For to gete of hym a difpenfacion to breke hem/
And that the peple (hold kepe & obferue them tyll
that he retorned agayn/ The peple acordcd therto
& fwore that they (hold kepe them to the tyme
he retorned Than the knighte wente in to grece in
exyle & dwcllid thcr alle his lyf/ And whan he

The Game of Chefs. 55

fhold dye he coraanded that his body ihold be caft
in the fee/ For as moche as yf his body ftiold be
bom theder/ the people (hold wene to be quyt of
theyr oth/ And (hold leepe no lenger his lawes that
were fo good & refonablc/ & fo the knight had
leuer to forfake his owne centre & to dye lb
than to repele his lawes And his lawes were
fuche/ The firft lawe was that y° pcple fhold
obeye & (erue the princes/ And the princes (hold
kepe the peple & do luftice on the malcfaftours
The fecond lawe that they {hold be all fobre/
For he wifte well that the labour of cheualrye is
moft ftronge whan they lyue fobrely/ The thirde
was y' noman {hold bye ony thynge for money but
they {hold change ware for ware & one marchandyfc
for an other/ The fourthe was that men {hold fette
no more by money ner kepe hit more than they
wold donge or fylthe/ The fyfthe he ordcyned
for the comyn wele alle thynge by ordre/ that the
prynces myght meue and make bataylle by her
power, to the mai{bes counceiUours he comyfid
the lugementis. And the Annuell rentes/ to the
fenatours the kepynge of the lawe/ And to the
comyn peple he gaf power to chefe fuche luges as
they wold haue/ The fixte he ordeyned that all
thinge {hold be departid egally & all thinge {hold
be comyn And none richer than other in patry-
monye/ The feuenth that euery man {hold ete lyke
well in comen openly/ that riches {hold not becaufe
of luxurye whan they ete fecretly/ The eygthc
that the yonge peple {hold not haue but on gowne
or garment in the yere/ The nynth that men {hold

56 T^he Game of Chefs.

(ette poure children to laboure in die felde/ to
thende that they (hold not enploye theyr yongthe
in playes and in folye/ but in labour/ The tenthe
that the maydens (hold be nuuyed wythoute dow-
ayre/ In fuche wyfe that no man (hold take a wyf
for moneye/ The xL that men (hold rather take a
wyf for her good maners and vertues than for her
richefles/ The twelfthe that men (hidd wor(hippe
die olde and auncyent men fw theyr agie and more
(or theyr wyiedom than (or her riches this knyght
made none of thy(e lawes/ but he firft kepte
hem.

Thefyfthe ehapitre of the fecond kok of the forme
and maners of the rooks.

IHE rooks whiche ben vicaircs and
legats of the kynge ought to be made
lyke a knyght vpon an hors and a
I mantell and hood furryd with men-
euyer holdynge a ftaf in his hande/ & forasmoche
as a kyng may not be in alle places of his royame/
Therfore the auftorite of hym is gyuen to the
rooks/ whiche reprefent the kynge/ And for as
moche as a royame is grete and large/ and that re-
bellion or nouelletes might fburdre and aryfe in con
partye or other/ therfore ther ben two rooks one
on the right (ide and that other on the lifte tide

58 TChe Game of Chefs.

They ought to haue in hem. pyte. luftice. humy-
Ute. wilfull pouerte. and liberalite/ Fyrft luftice
for hit is moft fayr of the vertues/ For it happeth
oftetyme that the miniftris by theyr pryde and or-
gueyll fubuerte luftice and do no ryght/ Wherfore
the kynges otherwhyle lofe theyr royames with out
theyr culpe or gylte/ For an vntrewe luge or
officyer maketh hys lord to be named vnlufte and
euyll And contrarye wyie a trewe myneftre of die
kwe and ryghtwys/ cauieth die kynge to be reput ed
lufte and trewe/ The Romayns therfore made
good kwes/ And wolde that/ that diey fliolde be
lufte and trewe/ And they that eftablifihid them
for to goueme the peple/ wold in no wyfe breke
them/ but kepe them for to dye for than/ For
the auncyent and wyie men (ayd comynly that it
was not good to make and ordeygne that lawe that
is not lufte Wherof Valerius rdierceth that ther
was a man that was named Themiftides whiche
cam to the counceyUours of athenes and iayd that
he knewe a counceyll wluche was ryght jMxniflfy-
tahle for them/ But he wolde telle hyt but to
But to one of them whom that diey wold/ And
they affigned to hym a wyie man named Ariftides/
And whan he had vnderftand hym he cam agayn to
the other of the counceyll And iayd diat the
counceyll of Themyitides was wdl prodfitaUe/ but
hit was not luile/ bow be hit ye may reookie hit in
your mynde/ And the coimceyll that he iayd was
this/ that ther were comen two grete iluj^ fro
lacedome and were ar r yu e d in diejr loode. And
diat hit were good to take them/ And whan the

'the Game of Chefs. 59

counceyll herde hym that fayde/ that hit was not
lufte ner right/ they lefte hem alle in pees And
wold not haue adoo with atlc/ The vicarye or
luge of the Icynge ought to be fo lufte/ that he
fhold employe alle his entente to faue the comyn
wele And yf hit were nede to put hb lyf and/ lofe
hit therfore/ wc hauc an enfample of marcus regulu3
wherof TuJlius reherceth in the book of ofEces
Ajid faynt Auguftyn alfo de ciuitate dei/ how he
faught agayn them of cartage by fee in Aiippis and
was vaynquyfshid and taken/ Than hit happend
that they of cartage lentc hymm in her meffage to
rome for to haue theyr prifoners there/ for them y'
were taken/ and fo to chauge one for an other
And made hym fwere and promyfe to come agayn/
And fo he cam to rome And made propoficion to-
fore the fenate And demanded them of cartage
of the fenatours to be chauged as afore is fayd
And than the fenatours demanded hym what
counceyll he gaf Cerfayn fayd he I coQceyll yow
that ye do hit not in no wife For as moche as the
peple of rome that they of cartage holde in prifon
of youris ben olde men and brufid in the warre as I
am my felf/ But they that ye hoide in prifon of
their peple is alle the flour of alle their folkc/
whiche counceyll they toke/ And than his frendes
wolde haue holde hym and counceyllyd hym to
abide there and not retorne agayn pryfoner in to
cartage/ but he wold neuer doo fo ner abide/ but
wold goo agayn and kepe his oth How well that
he knewe that he went toward his deth For he
had leuyr dye than to breke his oth Valeri* re-

6o TChe Game of Chefs.

herceth in the fixth book of oneEmelye doc of the
romayns/ that in the tyme whan he had affiled
die phaUftes/ The (cole mayftre ci die children
deoeyuyd die children of the gentilmen that he
drewe hym a fityll and a lytjU vnto die tentyi erf*
die romayns by fayr Q)eche. And iayd to the doc
Emelie/ that by the moyan of the children that he
had brought to hym/ he fhold hane the cyte/ For
theyr faders were kxties and goo c i uoms . Whan
Emelie had henie hym he iayd thnsto hym Thou
that art eoyll and oruell Andthoa that woldeft gyne
a gyfte of grete felonnye and of nunraaftye/ thou
(halt ner haft not fbonden here Doc ne pe[de that
refanbleth the/ we hane alio wdl lawes to kepe in
batayll & warre As in oar conties & other places/
and we wole obfeme and kepe them vnto euery
man as they on^it to be kq>t And we ben armed
agaynft our enemycs y* wok defende them And
not ayenft them y* can not ftue didr lyf whan their
contre is taken/ as thife fityll children/ Thou haft
▼aynquyishid them as moche as ts in the by thy
newe deoeyuabk falienes and by fiibtilnes and not
by annes/ but I that am a lo m ayn flnU vain-
quyishe them by craft and ftrei^tfae erf* armes/
And anon he oomanded to take the find icole
nudfter/ And to bynde his handes bdiynde hym as
a traytour and ledb hem to die parentis of the chil-
dren And whan the faders & pai c ntis firwe the
grete courtofie that he had doo to them They
opend the yates and ydded them tdId hym/ we
rede diat hanyball lad taken a prince of rame
whiche vpon hb oth and promyie fiifitd hym to

The Game of Chefs. 6 1

gon home/ and to fende hym his raunfon/ or he
fhold come agayn within a certain tyme And whan
he was at home in his place/ he fayde that he had
deceyuyd hym by a falfe oth And whan the fena-
tours knewe therof/ they conftrayned hym to re-
tome agayn vnto hanyba]!/ Amos florus tellyth
that the phificien of kynge pimis cam on a nyght
to fabrice his aduerfarye And promyfid hym yf
he wold gyue hym for his laboure that he wold en-
poyfone pimis his maifter/ whan fabricius vnder-
ftode this He dydc to take hym and bynde hym
hande & foote/ and fente hym to his maidre and
dyde do faye to hym word for worde lyke as the
phyficien had fayd and promyfid hym to doo/ And
whan pimis vnderftode this he was gretly amer-
uaylled of the loyalte and trouth of fabrice his
enemye/ and (ayd ccrtaynly that the fonne myghte
hghther and Ibnner be enpefshid of his cours/ than
fabrice fhold be letted to holde loyalte and trouthe/
yf they than that were not criftcn were fo luftc and
trewe and louyd their contrey and their good re-
nomee/ what fhold we now doon than that ben
criften and that oure lawe is fette alle vpon loue and
charyte/ But now adaycs ther is nothynge ellysin
the world but barate Trefon deceyte falfenes and
trccherye Men kepe not theyr couenantes pro-
myfes. othcs. writynges. ne trouthe/ The fubgcttis
rebelle agayn theyr lorde/ ther is now no lawe
kepte. nor fidelitc/ ne oth holden/ the peple mur-
mure and ryfe agayn theyr lord and wole not be
fubget/ they ought to be pietous in herte/ whiche is
auaillable to all thinge ther is pite in efftde by

62 TChi Game of Chefs.

companion/ and in worde by renuflion and pardon/
by almeile/ for to endyne hymfeif to the poure
For pite is nothynge ellis but a right grete will of a
debomure herte for to helpe alle men/ Valerius re-
herceth that ther was a luge named (angis whiche
dampned a woman that had defeniyd the deth for
to haue her heed finyten of or ellis that flie (hold
dye in prifon/ The Geayler that had pite on the
woman put not her anone to deth but put her in
the pryibn/ And this woman had a doughter
whiche cam for to (e and conforte her moder But
allway er fhe entryd into die pryibn the layler
ierchid her that (he (hold here no mete ne drynke
to her moder/ but that fhe (hold dye for bonger/
Than hit happend after this that he meruaylled
moche why this wcmian deyd not/ And began to
e^ye the cauie why (he lyuyd (b longe/ And fonde
at lafte how her doughter gaf (buke to her moder/
And fedde her with her melke. whan the layler
(awe this meruaiU/ he wente & told the luge/ And
whan the luge (awe this grete pite erf* die doughter
to the moder he paidoned her and made her to be
ddyuerid oute of her pryfon what is that/ that pite
ne amoli(shith/ moche pepk wene that it is agaynft
nature and wondre that the doughter (hcdd gyue
the moder to (buke/ hit were agayn nature but die
children (hold be kynde to fader and moder/
Seneca (ayth that the kynge of bees hath no prykke
to ftynge with as other bees haue. And that nature
hadi take hit away from hym be can(e he (hold haue
none armes to aflaylle them And diis is an ex-
ample Tnto prynces that they (hold be erf* the firnne

The Game of Chefs. 63

condicion/ Valerius reherceth in his .v. book of
marchus martellus that whan he had taken the
cytc of firacufane. And was fette in the hyeft
place of the cyte/ he behelde the grete deftruc-
tion of the peple and of the cyte/ he wepte and
iayde/ thou oughteft to be forofiill/ for fo moche
as thou woldeft haue no pite of thy felf/ But
enioyc the for thou art fallen in the hande of a
right debonaire prynce. Alfo he recounteth whan
pompeye had conqueryd the kynge of Germanye
that often tymes had foughten ayenft the romayns
And that he was brought to fore hym bounden/
he was fo pietous that he wold not fufFre hym to
be longe on his knees to fore hym/ but he receyuyd
hym cortoyfly And fette the crowne agayn on
his heed and put hym in theftate that he was to
fore/ For he had oppynyon that hit was as wor-
ftiipfull and fiitynge to a kynge to pardone/ as to
punyfshe. Alfo he reherceth of a couceyllour that
was named poule that dide do brynge to fore hym
a man that was prifonner And as he knelid to fore
hym he toke hym vp fro the ground & made hym
to fytte befide hym for to gyue hym good efpe-
rance and hoope And fayd to the other ftondynge
by/ in this wyfe. yf hit be grete noblefle that we
ftiewe our felf contrarye to our enemyes/ than this
fete ought to be alowed that we ftiew our felf de-
bonair to our caytyfs & prifonners Cefar whan he
herde the deth of cathon whiche was his adueriarye
fayde that he had grete enuye of his glorye, And
no thinge of his patrimonye/ and therfore he leftc
to his children frely all his patrimonye Thus

64 ^^ Game of Chefs.

taught vyrgyle and enfeygned the gloryus piynces
to rewle and goueme the peple of rome And
(aynt Auguftin de ciuitate dei £uth thus Thou
emperour goueme the peple pietoufly And make
peas ouerall/ deporte ami forbere thy fubgets/ re-
preue & correfte the prowde/ for (b enfeyne And
teche the the lawes/ And hit was wreton vnto
Alexander/ that euery prynce ought to be pyetous
in punyfshynge/ and rcdy for to rewarde/ Ther is
no thynge that cauieth a prynce to be (b belouyd
of hys peple/ As whan he (peketh to hem (wetly/
and coiieHith with hem fymply/ And all this
cometh of the roote of pyte/ we rede of the Empe-
rour Traian that his frendes repreuyd hym of that
he was to moche pryue and familier wyth the comyn
peple more than an emperour ought to be/ And he
anfwerd that he wold be fuche an emperour as euery
man defired to haue hym/ Alio we rede of Alix-
ander that on a tyme he ladde his 00ft forth haftely/
and in that hafte he beheld where (atte an olde
knight that was fore acolde Whom he dide do
arife and fette hym in his owne (ete or fi^e/ what
wondre was hit though y* knightes defired to feme
fuche a lord that louyd better theyr helth than his
dignite/ The rookes ought alio to be humble &
meke After the holy fcripture whiche iaith/ the
gretter or in the hier aftate that thou arte/ ib moche
more oughteft thou be meker & more humble
Valerius reherceth in his .vii. book that ther was an
emperour named publius ceiar/ That dide do bete
doun his hows whiche was in the middis of y*
market place for as moche as hit was heier than

i:he Game of Chefs. 65

other houies/ for as moche as he was more glorious
in aftate than other/ Therfore wold he haue a lafle
hous than other And fcipion of affrique that was
fo poure of volutarie pouerte y^ whan he was dede/
he was buried at y* difpencis of y* comyn good/
They (hold be fo humble y* they (hold leue theyr
ofEces/ and fuffre other to take hem whan her
tyme comyth/ & doo honour to other/ for he gouer-
neth wel y* royame y^ may gouerne hit whan he
will Valeri^ (kith In his thirde book that fabyan the
grete had ben mai(be counceyllour of his fader his
graunt(ire/ And of his graunt(irs fader & of alle his
antecedburs And yet dide he alle his payne and
labour/ that his fone (hold neuer haue that ofEce
after hym/ but for nothynge that he myftrufted his
(one/ For he was noble and wi(e and more attem-
prid than other/ but he wold that the ofEce (hold
not all way refte in the familye and hows of the
fabyans AKb he reherceth in his feuenth book
that they wold make the (ayd fabyan empour/ but
he excu(ed hym and fayd that he was blynde and
myght not fee for age/ but that excufacion myght
not helpe hym/ Than fayd he to hem/ feke ye and
gcte yow another/ For yf ye make me your em-
pour I may not fu(&e your maners/ nor ye may not
(bfire myn/ Ther was a kynge of {o fubtyll engyne
That whan men brought hym the crowne/ to fore
that he toke hit/ he remembrid hym a lityll and
faide/ O thou crowne that art more noble than
happy For yf a kynge knewe well and parfaytly
how that thou art full of paryls of thoughte and of
charge/ yf thou were on the grounde/ he wolde

66 The Game of Chefs.

neuer lyfte ner take the vp/ Remembre the that
whan thou art moft gloiyous/ than haue (bme men
mofte enuye on the/ and whan thoo hafte mofte
(cignoarye and lordfhips than ihalt thou haue mofte
care, thought and anguyfehes/ Vafpafian wis io
humble that whan Nero was flayn alle the peple
ayed for to haue hym empour/ and many of his
frendes cam & prayde hym that he wold take hit
▼pon hym/ (b at the laft he was conftrayned to tike
hit vpon hym And iayd to his frendes Hit is
better and more to preyie and ak)we fm a man to
tike thempire agaynft his wil/ than for to laboure
to haue hit and to put hym ielf dierin/ Thus
ought they to be humble and meke for to refleyue
worihip/ Therfixe (aytfa the bible that loab the
ibne of Saryne that was captayn of the warre of
the kynge Dauid/ whan he cam to tdoe and wynne
a Cyte/ He fente to Dauid and defired hym to
come to the warre/ that die vidorye fhc^d be
gyuen to Dauid/ And not to hym ielf/ Alfi> they
ought to be ware diat they fJiannge not ofte tymes
her officeis/ Joiephus reherceth that the frendes of
tybcryus meniayUed moche why he hdde fays oflfy-
cyeis ib longe in theyr offices wytfaootechangyng^
And they demanded of hym the canfe/ to whom he
WMxfwrxdf I wold channge them gladly/ yf I wyfte
that hit flioki be good fer the pepk/ But I finvc
cna tymeaman that was ro yny u u s & fuB of feote^
And many flyes iatte vpon the fixxes and ibakcd
fab bkxxi diat fait was meruaylle to fee/ wfaerfbre I
finote and cfaaced tfaem away. And fae dum £ud
to me wfay cfaaccft and finyteft mrnxf tfayfe flyes

.

The Game of Chefs. 67

that ben full of my blood/ And now (hallt thou
late come other that ben hongrye whiche {hall doon
to me double payne more than the other dide/
for the prikke of the hongrye is more poyngnant
the half/ than of y* fulle And therfore fayde he I
leue the officiers in their offices, for they ben all
riche/ and doo not fo moch euyl & harme As the
newe (hold doo & were poure yf I fhold fette hem
in her places/ They ought alfo to be pacyent in
herynge of wordes & in fuffi-ynge payne on her
bodyes/ as to the firft One faid to atifander that he
was not worthy to regne. fpecially whan he fuffrid
that lecherie and delyte to haue feignoire in hym/
he fuffrid hit paciently/ And anfwerd none other-
wyfe but that he wolde corrette hym (elf. And
take better maners and more honefte Alfo hit is
reherced that lulius cezar was ballyd wherof he had
defptayfir ib grete that he kempt his heeris that laye
on the after parte of his heed forward for to hyde
the bare to fore. Than fayd a knyght to him
Cezar hit is lighther And fonner to be made that
thou be not ballid/ than that I haue vlid ony
cowardyfe in the warre of rome/ or hereafter (hail
doo ony cowardyfe/ he fuffrid hit paciently and
fayd not aword/ Another reproched hym by his
lignage And callyd hym fornier/ he anfwerd that
hit is better that noblefle begynne in me/ than hit
(hold faylle in me/ Another callid hym tyraunt/
he anfwerd yf I were one. thou woldeft not faic foo
A knight callid on a tyme fcjpion of affricque fowie
& olde knyght in armes And that he knewe lityll
good And he anfwerd I was born of my moder a

68 r he Game of Chefs.

lityll child and feble and not a man of armes. And
yet he was at alle tymes one of the beft and mofte
worthy in armes that liuyd. Another ikyd to vaf-
pafian/ And a wolf (hold (bnner change his flcyn
and heer/ than thou (holdeft chauge thy lyf For the
lenger thou lyveft the more thou coueyteft And
he aniwerd of thyfe wordes we ought to laughe.
But we ought to amende our felfe And punyishe
the trefpaces. Seneque reherceth that the kynge
Antygonus herde certayn peple fpeke and iaye
euyll of hym/ And therwas betwene hem nomore
but a courtyne/ And than he ikyde make an ende
of your euyll langage lefte the kynge here yow/ for
the courtyne heereth yow well ♦ I nowhe. Than as
towchynge to the paynes that they ought to fuffre
paciently Valerius reherceth that a tyrant dide do
tormente Anamaximenes & thretenyd hym for to
cutte of his tonge. To whom he (ayd hit is not in
thy power to doo (bo/ and forthwyth he bote of
his owne tonge/ And fliewed hit wyth his teth aiKl
cafted hit in the viiage of the Tyrant Hit is a
grete vertu in a man that he fbrgete not to be
pacyent in correftions of wronges/ Hit is better to
leue a gylty man vnpunyishyd/ than t9 punyishe
hym in a wrath or yre Valerius reherceth that
archita of tarente that was mayfter to plato (awe
that his feldes & lande was deftroyed and loft by
the nechgence of his feruant To whom he (ayd
yf I were not angry with the I wold take vengeance
and turmente the/ Lo there ye may fee that he had
leuer to leue to punyishe/ than to pugnyishe more

• fee. edit. •* 7 ttongh.*

T'he Game of Chefs. 69

by yrc & wrath than by right And therfore fayth
feneque/ doo no thynge that thou oughteft to doo
whan y" art angry/ For whan thou art angry thou
woldeft doo alle thynges after thy playfir/ And yf
thou canft not vaynquyfehe thyn yre/ than muftc
thyn yre ouercome the/ After thys ought they to
haue wylfuU pouerte/ lyke as hit was in the
auncyent prynces/ For they coueyted more to be
riche in wyttc and good maners than in moneye/
And that reherceth Valerius in his . viii • booke
that fcipion of AfFryque was accufed vnto the Senate
that he fhold haue grete trefour/ And he anfwerd
certes whan I fubmyfed afFryque in to your poefte/
I helde no thynge to myfelf that I myght faye this
is myn fave only the furname of affryque/ Ner the
afFryquans haue not founden in me ner in my
broder ony auarice/ ner y* we were fo couetoufe
that we had ne had gretter enuye to be riche of
name than of rychefles/ And therfore fayth feneque
that the kynge Altagone v(id gladly in his hows
veffels of erthe/ And fome fayde he dyde hit for
couetyfe/ But he fayde that hit was better and
more noble thynge to fhyne in good maners than
in vayflell And whan fome men demanded hym
why and for what caufe he dyde fo/ he anfwerd I
am now kynge of fecylle/ and was fone of a potter/
and for as moche as I doubte fortune. For whan
I yffued out of the hous of my fader and moder/ I
was fodaynly made riche/ wherfore I beholde the
natiuy te of me and of my lignage/ whiche is humble
& meke/ And alle thefe thynges cometh of wilfuU
pouerte/ for he entended more to the comyn

70 The Game of Chefs.

prouflfyt than to his owen/ And of thys pouerte
^keth saynt Augufty n in the booke of the cyte of
god That they that entende to the comyn prouflfyt.
(browe more that wilfull pouerte is loA in rome/
than the richefles of rome/ For by the wilfull
pouerte was the renomee of good maners kept
entierly/ thus by this richefle pouerte is not only
corrupt in thyie dayes ner the cyte ner the maners/
but alfb the thoughtes of the men ben ccMTUpt by
thys couetyie and by felonnye that is woHe. than
ony other enemye And of the cnielte of the peple
of rome (peketh the good man of noble memorye
lohn the monke late cardynall of rome in the de-
cretall the fyxte in the chapitre gens ianda where
he iayth/ that they ben felous ayenft god. omtrarye
to holy thynges. tray tr e s one to that other, enuyous
to her neyghbours. proude vnto ftraongers. rebeUe
and vntrewe vnto theyr feoerayns Not fuflfringe to
them that ben of lower d^rce than they and no-
thinge fliamfaft to demande thinges difcooenable
and not to kue tyU they haue diat they demande/
and not plefid but diiagreabk whan they haue
rcflcyuyd the ycft They haue their tonges redy fw
to make grete booft/ and doo lityll/ They ben
large in promyfynges/ And fmale gyuers/ they ben
ryght fids dcceyuours/ And ryght mordent and
bitynge detradours/ For whiche thynge hit is a grete
ibrowe to fee the humyhte the pacyence And the
good wifedom that was woute to be in this cyte of
rome whiche is chief of alle die wmid is pemcrtid
& tCMTied in to makheurte and thife euylles/ And
me thynketh that in other partyes of creftiante they

the Game of Chefs. 71

haue taken enfample of them to doo euyll/ They
may faye that this is after the decretale of feygnourye
and diibbeyfance/ that fayth That fuche thynges
that the fouerayns doo/ Is lightly and fone taken in
eniampie of theyr fubgets/ Alfo thife vicayres
•/hold lie large and liberall/ In fb moche that fuche
peple as ferue them ben duly payd and guerdoned
of her labour/ For euery man doth his labour the
better and lightlyer whan he feeth that he fhall be
well payd and rewarded/ And we rede that Titus
the (one of vafpafian was (b large and fb liberall/
That he gaf and promyfyd fomewhat to euery man/
And whan hys mofte pryuy frendes demanded of
hym why he promyfid more that he myght gyue/
he anfwerd for as moche as hyt apperteyneth not to
a pxynce that ony man (hold departe fbrowfull or
tryfte fro hym/ Than hit happend on a day that
he gaf ner promyfid no thynge to ony man And
whan hit was euen auyfed hymfelf/ he fayd to hys
frendes/ O ye my frendes thys day haue I lofl for
this day haue I don no good/ And alfb we rede of
lulius Cefar that he neuer faide in alle his lyue to
his knyghtes goo oon but all way be fayde come
come/ For I loue allway to be in youre companye/
And he knewe well that hit was lafle payne &
trauayll to the knyghtes whan the prynce is in her
companye that loueth hem & coforted hem And
alfb we rede of the fame lulius cefar in the booke
of truphes of phylofbphers/ that ther was an Aun-
cyent knyght of his that was in paryll of a caas
hangynge to fore the luges of rome fo he callyd
cefar on a tyme and faid to hym to fore all men

72 The Game of Chefs.

that he (hold be his aduocate And cefar deliueryd
and afligned to hym a right good aduocate And
the knyght fayd to hym O cefar I put no vicsure in
my place whan thou were in parill in y* batayll of
affife/ But I faught for the. And than he ftiewed
to hym the places of his woundes that he had re-
ceyuyd in the batayll And than cam ce^ in his
propre perfone for to be his aduocate & to plete his
caufe for hym/ he wold not haue the name of vn-
kyndenes/ but doubted that men (hold faye that he
were proude And that he wold not do for them that
had (eruyd hym They that can not do (b moche/
as for to be belouyd of her knyghtes/ can not loue
the knyghtes And this fufficeth of the rooks.

BOOK III

?

The thirde traSlate of ihe offices of the comyn feple.
'the fyrfi chapitre is of the office of the labourers
and werkemen.

jlOR as moche as the Noble perfoiie
canne not rewle ne goucrne with oute
y' feruyce and wcrke of the peple/ than
hit behoueth to deuyfe the oeuurages
and the offices of the werkemen/ Than I (hall be-
gynnc fyrft at the fyrft pawne/ that is in the playe
of the chefle/ And fignefieth a man of the comyn
peple on fote For they be all named pietous that is
as moche to faye as footemen And than we wyll
begynne at the pawne whiche ftandeth to fore the
rooke on the right fide of the kinge for as moche

76 The Game of Chefs.

as this pawne apperteyneth to feme the vic^re or
lieutenant of the kynge and other officers vnder
hym of neceflaryes of vitayll/ And this maner a
peple is figured and ought to be maad in the forme
& fliappe of a man holdynge in his ryght hande a
{pade or (houell And a rodde in the lifte hand/
The {pade or fhouell is for to delue & labour ther-
with the erthe/ And the rodde is for to dryue &
conduyte wyth all the beftes vnto her pafture alio
he ought to haue on his gyrdell/ a crokyd hachet
for to cutte of the fupfluytees of the vignes & trees/
And we rede in the bible that the firft labourer that
euer was/ was Caym the firfte fone of Adam that
was fo euyll that he flewe his broder Abel/ for
as moche as the fmoke of his tythes went ftray t
vnto heuen/ And the finoke & fumee of the tythes
of Caym wente downward vpon the erthe And how
well that this caufe was trewe/ yet was ther another
caufe of enuye that he had vnto his broder/ For
whan Adam their fader maried them for to mul-
typlie y* erthe of hys lignye/ he wolde not marye
ner loyne to gyder the two that were born attones/
but gaf vnto caym her that was born wyth Abel/
And to Abel her that was born with caym/ And
thus began thenuye that caym had ayenft abel/ For
his wyf was fayrer than cayms wyf And for this
caufe he flough abel with the chekebone of a befte/
& at that tyme was neuer no maner of yron blody
of mannes blood/ And abel was y* firft martier in
tholde teftament/ And this caym dide many other
cuyl thinges whiche I leue/ for hit apperteyneth
not to my mater/ But hit behoueth for neceffite y^

'The Game of Chefs. 77

fome (hold labour the erthe after y' fynne of adam/
for to fore er adam fynned/ the erthe brought forth
fruyt with out labour of handes/ but fyn he fynned/
hit mufte nedes be labourid with y° handes of men
And for as moche as the erthe is moder of allc
thynges And that we were firft formed and tokc
oure begynnyng of the erthe/ the fame wyfe at the
iafte, Ihe fhall be the ende vnto alle vs and to alle
thynges/ And god that formed vs of the erthe
hath ordeyned that by the laboure of men fhe (hold
gyue nourylshyng vnto alle that lyueth/ and firft
the labourer of y' erthe ought to knowe his god
that formed and made heuen & erthe of nought
And ought to hauc loyaulte and trouth in hymfelf/
and de(pi(e deth for to entende to his laboure And
he ought to gyue thankyngis to hym that made
hym And of whom he receyueth all his goodes
temporall/ wherof his lyf is fufteyned/ And alio He
is bounden to paye the difmes and tythes of alle his
thynges And not as Caym dyde. But as Abell
dyde of the befte that he chefe allway for to gyue
to god & to plefe hym/ For they that grucchc and
be greuyd in that they rendre and gyue to god the
tienthes of her goodes/ they ought to be aferd and
hauc drede that they Ihall falle in necefTite And y'
they might be difpoyllyd or robbed by warre or by
tempefte that myght falle or happen in the contrey
And hit is meruayll though hit (o happen For
that man that is difagreable vnto god And weneth
y' the multiplynge of his goodes temporeli cometh
by the vertu of his owne coijcey!l and his wytte/ the
whiche is made by the only ordenance of hym that

78

The Gam of Chefs,

made al le And by the fame ordcnance is foone taken
away fro hym that is difagreable/ and hit is refon
that whan a man haboundeth by fortune in goodes/
And knoweth not god/ by whom hit cometh/ that
to hym come feme other fortune by the whiche he
may requyre grace and pardon And to knowe his
god/ And we rede of the kynge Dauid that was
firft (ymple Sf one of the comyn peple/ that whan
fortune had enhaunfed and fette hym in grete aftate/
he iefte and forgate his god/ And fyll to aduoultrye
and homicyde and other fymies/ Than anon his
owne fone Abfalon alTaylled & began to perfecute
hym And than whan he fawe that fortune was con-
trarye to hym/ he began to take agayn his vertuous
werkis and requyred pardoun and so retomed to
god agayn. Wc rede alfo of the children of yfrael
that were nyghe enfamyned in defert and fore
hongry & thrufty that they prayd & requyred of
god for remedy/ Anon he changed his wyll &
fente to hem manna/ & flefsh &c./ And whan they
were rcplenefshid & fatte of the flefsh of beftes &
of the manna/ they made a calf of gold and wor-
fhippid hit. Whiche was a grete fynne & Inyquyte/
For whan they were hongry they knewe god/ And
whan theyre belyes were fylde & fatted/ they forgid
ydoles & were ydolatrcrs After this euery labourer
ought to be faythfull & trcwe That whan his
mayftre delyuereth to hym his lande to be laboured/
that he take no thinge to hymfelf but that hym
ought to haue & is his/ but laboure truly & take
cure and charge in the name of his maiftre/ and do
more diligently his maifters labours than his owen/

The Game of Chefs. 79

for the lyf of y' moft grete & noble men next god
lieth in y' handes of the labourers/ and thus all
craftes & occupacions ben ordeyncd not only to
fuffife to them only/ but to the comyn/ And fo hit
[ 'happeth ofte tyme that y' labourer of the erthe vfeth
grete and boyftous metes/ and bringeth to his
maifter more fubtile & more deyntous metes/ And
Valerius reherceth in his. vi , book that ther was a
wife & noble maiftre y' was named Anthoni' that
■was accufed of a caas of aduoultrye/ & as the caule
henge to fore the luges/ his acculers or denonci-
atours brought I labourer that clofid his land for lb
moche as they fayde whan his maiHre wente to doo
the aduoultrye/ this fame feruant bare the lanterne.
wherof Anthonyus was fore abafshyd and doubted
that he fiiold depofe agaynft hym But the labourer
that was named papirion fayd to his maifter that he
ftiold denye his caufe hardyly vnto the luges For
for to be tormentid/ his caufc (hold neuer be enpeyrid
by hym/ ner no thynge fhold yflue out of his mouth
wherof he (hold be noyed or greuyd And than was
the labourer beten and tormentid and brent in many
places of his body But he (ayd neuer thynge wherof
his mayfter was hurte or noyed/ But the other that
accufed his maifter were puny(shid And papiryon
was deliuerid of his paynes free and franc/ And alfo
telleth Valerius that ther was another labourer that
was named penapion/ that feruyd a maifter whos
name was Themes which was of meruayllous faith
to his mayftre For hit befell that certain knyghtes
cam to his maifters hows for to flee hym And anone
as papiryon knewe hit/ he wente in to his maifters

8o The Game of Chefs.

chambre And wold not be knowen For he dide
on his maifters gowne and his rynge on his fynger/
And laye on his bedde And thus put hym felf in
parill of deth for to refptte his maifters lyf/ But we
fee now a dayes many fooks that daigne not to vie
groos metes of labourers. And flee the cours doth-
ynge And maners of a leruant Euery wife man a
(eruant that truly ierueth his miufter is free and not
bonde/ But a foole that is ouer proude is bonde/
For the debUite and feblenes of corage that is brokai
in conicience by pryde Enuye. or by couetyie is
ryght ieniytude/ yet they ought not to doubte to
laboure for feere and drede of deth/ no man ought
to loue to moche his lyf/ For hit is a fowll thyoge
for a man to renne to the deth for the enemye c^
his lyf/ Andawyfcmanandaftrongcmanought
not to flee for his lyf/ but to yflfue For ther is no
man that lyueth/ but he muft nedes dye. And ci
this (peketh daudyan and ikyth that allethoo diynges
that the Ayer goth aboute and enuyronned. And
aUethyngc that the erthelabourcth/ Allcthyngys
that ben contcyned wyth in the fee AUe thy ngcs that
the floodes hrynge forth/ Alle thynges that ben
nourrfihid and alle the beftcs that ben Tndcr the
beuen fliall departe alle from the worid/ And aUe
ihall goo at bis comandcment/ As wdl Kynges
Ry u ce s and alle that the world e nuy iunncd and
goQth aboote Alle fliall goo tftus wayc/ Than he
ou^t not to double for fere of deth. For as wdl
flnll dye the rrdie » the poure/ deth mikcth alle
thynge hrke and pottcdi aUe to an cnde^ And

The Game of Chefs. 8 \

folowe Forma, genus, mores, fapit'cia. res. et
honores/ Morte ruant fubita fola manent merita/
Wherof the englifh is Beaulte. lignage. maners.
wyfedom. thynges & honoures/ ftial ben defFetid by
fodeyn deth/ no thynge (hal abide but the merites/
And herof fynde we in Vitas patrum. that then was
an erle a riche & noble man that had a fone oncly/
and whan this fone was of age to haue know lech of
the lawe/ he herde in a ftrmone that was prechid
that deth fpareth none/ ne riche ne poure/ and as well
dyeth y' yonge as the olde/ and that the deth ought
fpecially to be doubted for . iii , caufes/ one was/ y'
noman knoweth whan he cometh/ and the feconde/
ner in what ftate he taketh a man/ And the
thirde he wote neuer whither he fliall goo. Therfore
eche man {hold difpife and flee the world and lyue
well and hold hym toward god And when this
yong man herde this thynge/ he wente oute of his
contrey and fledde vnto a wyldernefle vnto an her-
mytage/ and whan his fader had lofte hym he made
grete forowe/ and dyde do enquere & feke hym fo
moche at laft he was founden in the hermitage/ and
than his fader cam thedertohym and fayde/ dere fone
come from thens/ thou Ihalt be after my deth erle
and chyef of my lignage/ I ihall be loft yf thou
come not out from thens/ And he than that wyfte
non otherwife to efchewe the yre of his fader be-
thought hym and fayde/ dere fader ther is in your
contre and lande a right euyll cuftome yf hit plefe
yow to put that away I ftiall gladly come out of
this place and goo with yow The fader was glad
and had grete loy And demauded of hym what hit

was And yf he wold telle hym he promyfid him to
take hit away and hit (hold be left and fette aparte.
Than he fayde dere fader thcr dyen as well the yong
folk in your contrey as the olde/ do that away I pray
yow/ whan his fader herde that he fayde Dere
fone that may not be ncr noman may put that away
but god only/ Than anlwerd the fone to the fader/
than wylJe I lerue hym and dwetle here wyth hym
that may do that. And fo abode the childe tn the
hermyt^e & lyuyd there in good werkes After
this hit apperteyneth to a labourer to entende to
hislaboure and flee ydlencs/ And thou oughteft
to knowe that Dauid preyfeth moche in the fawlter
the trewe labourers and fayth/ Thou fhalt ete the
labour of thyn handcs and thou art bleffid/ and he
(hall do to the good And hit behoueth that the
labourer entende to his labour on the werkedayes
for to recuyell and gadre to gyder the fniyt of his
labour/ And alfo he ought to relic on the holy day/
bothe he and his beftes. And a good labourer
ought to nory^e and kepc his beftes/' And this
is (ignefied by the rodde that he hath. Wfaicbc is
for to lede and dr^nie them to the paflure/ The
firfte paftour that euer was/ was Abel whiclie was
lufte and trewe/ and offryd to god the beftes vnto
his ficrefice/ And hym ought he to folowe in craft
tc maners But no man that vfeth the malice of
Caym may cnfuc and Iblowe Abel/ And thus hit
apperteyneth to the laboarertofeneand gnfiettces
and vygtKs/ u»d alio to planle and cutte them
And (o dydc noe whtcbe wis the firft thai {Wanted
the v^^ne after y* ddoge and 6ood FarasIo^qduB

rhe Game of Chefs. 83

rchcrccth in y* book of naturell thinges Noe was he
that fonde fyrft the vygne/ And he fondc hym
bitter and wylde/ And thcrfore he toke . iiii .
mancrs of blood/ that is to wete the blood of a
lyon. the blood of a lamb, the blood of a fwyne.
and the blood of an ape and medlid them alto geder
with the erthe/ And than he cutte the vygne/ And
put this aboute the rootes therof. To thende that
the bitternes (hold be put away/ and that hyt fhold
be fwete/ And whan he had dronken of the fruyt
of this vygne/ hit was fo good and mighty that he
becam fo dronke/ that he difpoylled hym in fuche
wife y' his pryuy membres might be feen/ And his
yongcft fone cham mocqued and flcorned hym And
whan Noe was awakid & was fobre & faftinge/ he
aflemblid his fones and fliewid to them the nature
of the vygne and of the wyn/ And told to them
the caufe why y' he had put the blood of the beftes
aboute the roote of the vygne and that they fliold
knowe well y' otherwhile by y ftrength of the wyn
men be made as hardy as the lyon and yrous And
otherwhile they be made fymple & fhamefaft as a
lambe And lecherous as a fwyn/ And curyous and
full of playe as an Ape/ For the Ape is of fuche
nature that whan he feeth one do a thynge he en-
forccth hym to doo the fame/ and fo doo many
whan they ben dronke/ they will medle them wyth
alle officers & matiers that apperteyne no thynge to
them/ And whan they ben faftynge & (bbre they
can (carfely accomplifshe theyr owne thynges And
therfore valerian reherceth that of auncyente and in
olde tyme women dranke no wyn for as moche as

84 The Game of Chefs.

by dronkenfliip they myght falle in ony filthe or
i^onye And as Ouide fayth/ that thc^wjrns other-
whyle apparaylle the corages in fuche manere that
they ben couenable to alle fynnes whiche take away
the hertes to doo well/ They make the poiire riche/
as longe as the wyn is in his heed And fliortly
dronkenfhyp is the begynnynge of aUe euyllys/
And corrompith the body/ and deftroyed the Ibwie
and mjTiufshith the goodes temporels/ And this
fuflyieth for the labourer.

The Jeconde chapitre of the thirde traHate treteth of
the forme and matter of the fecond pawne and of the
maner efafmyth.

HE feconde pawne y' ftandeth to fore
the knyght on the right fide of the
kynge hath the forme and figure of a
man as a fmyth and that is refon For
hit apperteyneth to y' knyghtes to haue bridellys
fadellys fpores and many other thynges made by
the handes of fmythes and ought to holde an hamcr
in his right hande. And in his lyfte hand a dolabre
and he ought to haue on his gyrdell a troweU For
by this is lignefied all maner of werkemen/ as gold-
fmithes. marchallis. fmithes of all forges/ forgers
and makers of monoye & all maner of fmythes ben

86 The Game of Chefs.

(ignefyed by* the hamer/ The carpenters ben figne-
fyed by the dolabre or {qujer/ And by the trowell
we vnderftande all maibns & keruars of ftones/
tylers/ and alle them that make howfes caftels &
tours/ And to alle theie crafty men hit apperteynetfa
that they be trewe. wife and ftronge/ and hit is nede
y* they haue in hemielf faith and loyaulte/ For
vnto die goldfmythes behoueth gold & filuer And
alle other metallys/ yren & ftcel to other/ And
vnto the carpenters and maibns/ ben put to the3rr
edifices the bodyes and goodes of the peple/ And
alio men put in the handes of the maronners body
and goodes of the peple/ And in the garde and
fewerte of them men put body & ibwlein the paryls
of the iee/ and therfore ought they to be trewe/
vnto whom men conunytte iiiche grete charge and
fi> grete thynges vpon her fayth and trufte. And
therfore fiiydi the philofopher/ he that kfeth his
fayth and beleue/ may loie no greltci ' ne more
thynge. And fayth is a foucrayn good and cometfa
of the good wyll of the herte and of his mynde
And for no neceffite wyll dcccyue no man/ Andis
not corrupt for no mede. Valerias refacrccdi that
Fabius had receyoyd of hanybal certxyn pryfiners
that he hddeof the romayns for a ccrtayn ibfne of
money whiche he pramyfid to paye to the ikyd
hanyball/ And whan he cam vnto the fe ii at u urs cf
rame and defired to haue y* money lente for hem
They anfwcrd that diey woki not paye ncr lene
And than fabius iente his iboe to rame & made
hym to feUe his heritage & patrimonyc/ and iente

* ieccdk. *bjthe

Thi Game of Chefs.

87

the money that he refleyuyd therof vnto hanibal/
And had leuer & louyd better to be poure in his
contrey of herytage/ than of byleue and fayth/
But in thyfe daycs hit were grete foiye to haue
fuche affiance in moche peple but yf they had ben
preuyd afore For oftentymes men trufte in them
by whom they ben deceyuyd at theyr nede/ And
it is to wete that thefe crafty men and werkemen
ben fouerainly prouffitable vnto the world And
wyth oute artificers and wcrkmen the world myght
not be gouemed/ And knowc thou verily that alle
tho fhynges that ben engendrid on the erthe and on
the fee/ ben made and formed for to do prouffit
vnto the lignage of man/ for man was formed for
to haue generacion/ that the men myght heipe and
prouffit eche other And here in ought we to
folowe nature/ For Ihe (hewed to vs that we fhold
do comyn prouffit one to an other/ And y* firft
fondement of luftice is that no man (hold noye or
greue other But that they ought doo the comyn
prouffit/ For men faye in reproche That I fee of
thyn/ I hope hit (hail be myn But who is he in
thyfe dayes that entendeth more to the comyn
prouffit than to his owne/ Certaynly none/ But
all way a man ought to haue drede and feere of his
owne hows/ whan he feeth his neyghbours hous a
fyre And therfore ought men gladly helpe the
comyn prouffit/ for men otherwhile (ette not be a
litylJ fyre And might quenche hit in the be-
gynnyng/ that aftervrard makyth a grete blafyng
fyre. And fortune hath of no thinge fo grete
playfir/ as for to tome & werke all way/ And

88 The Game of Chefs.

natxire is fo noble a thynge that were as {he is (he
wyll fuftcyne and kepe/ but this rcwie of nature
hath fayllid longe tyme/ how well that the decree
fayth that alle the thynges that ben ayenft the lawe
of nature/ ought to be taken away and put a part
And he fayth to fore in the . viii . difttnAion that
the ryght lawe of nature differenceth ofte tymcs for
cullome & ftatutes eftablifshid/ for by lawe of nature
all thinge ought to be comyn to euery man/ and
this lawe was of old tyme And men wene yet
fpecially y' the troians kept this lawe And we rede
that the multitude of the Troians was one herte and
one fowle/ And verayly we fynde that in tyme
paffid the philofophres dyde the fame/ And alfo
hit is to be fuppofyd that fuchc as haue theyr
goodes comune & not propre is mofl acceptable to
god/ For ellys wold not thife religious men as
monkes freris chanons obferuantes & all other
auowe hem & kepe the wtlfuil pouerte that they
ben profeflid too/ For in trouth I haue my felf
ben conueHant in a religio' hous of white freris at
gaunt Which haue all thynge in comyn amonge
them/ and not one richer than an other/ in fo mocbe
that yf 3 man gaf to a frere . iii . d or . iiit . d to
praye for hym in his mafle/ as lone as the mafle is
doon he deliuerith hit to his oucreft or procuratour
in whyche hows ben many vertuous and deuoute
freris And yf that lyf were not the befte and the
moft holieft/ holy church wold neucr fuffre hit in
religion And acordynge thereto we rede in plato
whiche (ayth y' the cytc is well and luftely goucmid
and ordeyned in the whiche no nun mayc (aye by

The Game of Chefs.

89

right, by cuftome. ne by ordenance/ this is myn/
but I fay to the certaynly that fyn this cuftome cam
forth to fay this is myn/ And this is thyn/ no man
thought to preferre the comyn prouffit fo mochc as
his owen/ And alle werkeraen ought to be wife &
wcli aduyfyd fo that they haue none enuye ne none
euyll fufpecion one to an other/ for god wylle that
our humayne nature be couetous of two thynges/
that is of Religion. And of wyfedom/ but in this
caas ben fome often tymes deceyued For they take
ofte tymes rehgion and leue wifedom And they
take wyfedom and refFufe religion And none may
be vraye and trewe with oute other For hit apper-
tcyneth not to a wyfe man to do ony thynge that
he may repente hym of hit/ And he ought to do
no thynge ayenft his wyll/ but to do alle thynge
nobly, meurely. fermely. and honeftly And yf he
haue enuye vpon ony. hit is folye For he on
whom he hath enuye is more honeft and of more
hauoir than he whiche is fo enuyous/ For a man
may haue none enuye on an other/ but be caule he
is more fortunat and hath more grace than hym
felf/ For enuye is a forowe of corage y' cometh of
dyfordynance of the prouffit of another man And
knowe thou verily that he that is full of bounte
ftiall neuer haue enuye of an other/ But thenuyous
man ieeth and thynketh alleway that euery man is
more noble/ And more fortunat that hymfelf And
fayth alleway to hymfeif/ that man wynncth more
than 1/ and myn neyghebours haue more plente of
beftes/ and her thynges multiplye more than myn/
and therfore thou oughteft knowe that enuye is the

9© TAr Game of Chefs.

moft gretteft dedely fynne that is/ for flie tormen-
tcth hym that hath her wythin hym/ wyth oute
tormentynge or doyng ony harme to hym/ on
whome he hath enuyc. And an enuyous man hath
no vertue in hymfelf/ for he comimpeth hymfelf
for as moche as he hateth allway the wclthe and
vertues of other/ and thiis ought they to kcpc them
that they cake none cuyll fufpecon For a man
naturelly whan his affe^on hath {ufpecion in onj
man that he wcneth that he doth/ hit lemeth to
hym verily that it is doon. And hit is an euyll
thynge for a man to haue fufpecion on hymfelf/
For we rede that dionyfe of zecyll a tyrant Was ib
fufpecionous that he had fo grete fere and drede
For as moche as he was hated of all men/ that he
putte his frendes oute of theyr offices that they had/
And put other ftrangers in theyr places for to kepe
his body/ and chefe fuche as were ryght Cniell and
felons/ And for fere and doubte of the barbours/
he made hys doughters to leme (haue and kembe/
And whan they were grete. He wokl not they
(hold vie ony yron to be occupied by them/ bat to
brenne and iengc his faeeris/ and manaced them and
durft not trufte in them/ And in lyke wyfe they
bad none affiance in hym Aikd alio he dyde do
enuynmne the place where he laye wyth grete
diches and brode lyke a caftetl/ And he entryd by
a drawbrygge whiche clofyd after hym/ And hys
knyghtes laye wyth outt wyth his gardes whiche
wtcchid and kept ftraytly thys fortercfle;' And
whin plato Ikwe thys Diooyfc krnge of cezillc thus
enuTTXHmed and iex abotite wyth gardes & waccbe-

The Game of Chefs.

91

men for the caufc of his fufpec'ion fayd to hym
openly to fore all men kinge why haft thou don fo
moche euyll & harme/ that the behoueth to be kept
wyth fo moche peple/ And therfore I faye that hit
apperteyneth not to ony man that wylle truly behaue
hym felf in his werkis to be fufpecyous/ And alfo
they ought to be ftronge and feure in theyr werkes/
And fpecyally they that ben mayfters and maronners
on the fee/ for yf they be tumerous and ferdfull
they (hold make a ferde them that ben in theyr
ftiippis/ that knowe not the paryls/ And fo hit
might happenc that by that drede and fere alle men
(hold leue theyr labour/ And fo they myght be
perifshid and defpeyred in theyr corages/ For a
(hippe is (bone perifshid and loft by a lityll tempeft/
whan the gouernour faylleth to gouerne his (hippe
for drede/ And can gyue no counceyll to other than
it is no meruayll/ thangh they be a ferd that ben in
his gouernance/ And therfore ought be in them
ftrengthe force and coragc/ and ought to con(idere
the peryls that might falle/ And the gouernour
(pecially ought not to double/ And if hit happen
that ony parylt falle/ he ought to promyfe to the
other good hoope/ And hit apperteyneth well/ that
a man of good and hardy corage be fette in that
office/ In fuche wy(e that he haue ferme and (cure
mynde ayenft the paryls that oftetymes happen in
the fee/ and with this ought the maroncrs haue good
and ferme creance and beleue in god/ and to be of
good reconforte & of fayr langage vnto them that
he gouerneth in fuche paryls/ And this fufficeth to
yow as touchynge the labourers.

The tbirde chapUre of the thirde book treteth of the
office of notary ts aduocats Jkryueners and loafers or
elothmakers.

I He thirde pawne whiche is iette to fore
the Alphyn on the right fide ought to
be figured as a clerk And hit is refon
that he fhold fe be/ For as mochc
as amonge y* comon peple of whom we fpekc in
thys bock they plete the differencis contencions and
caufes otherwhile the whiche behoueth the AJphins
to gyue fentence and luge as luges And hit is
refon that the Alphin or luge haue his notarye/ by
whom y* procefle may be wreton/ And this pawne
ought to be made and figured in this mamere/ he

I

^

7he Came of Chefs. 93

mufte be made like a man that holdeth in his right
hand a pair of (heres or forcetis/ and in the lifte
hand a grete knyf and on his gurdell a penuer and
an ynkhorn/ and on his eere a penne to wrytc wyth
And that ben the Inftrumentis & the offices that
ben made and put in writynge autentyque/ and
ought to haue pafled to fore the luges as libelles
writtes condempnacions and fentences/ And that
is fignefied by the fcriptoire and the penne and on
that other part hit appertayneth to them to cutte
cloth. Ihere. dighte. and dye/ and that is fignefied
by the forcettis or (heres/ and the other ought to
fhaue berdes and kembc the heeris/ And the other
ben coupers, coryers. tawiers. (kynners, bouchers
and cordwanners/ and thefe ben iignefyed by the
knyf that he holdeth in his hand and (bme of thife
forfayd crafty men ben named drapers or cloth-
makers for fo moche as they werkc wyth woUe. and
the Notayres. flcynners. coryours. and cardewaners
werke by fkynnes and hydes/ As parchemyn
velume. peltrye and cordewan/ And the Tayllours.
cutters of cloth, weuars. fullars. dyers/ And many
other craftes ocupyc and vfe wulle/ And alle thyfe
crafty men & many other that I haue not named/
ought to doo theyr craft and meftyer/ where as they
ben duly ordeyned Curyoufly and truly/ Alio ther
ought to be amonge thyfe crafty men amyable com-
panye and trewe/ honeft contenance/ And trouthe
in their wordes/ And hit is to wete that the no-
taries ben right prouffitable and ought to be good &
trewe for the comyn And they ought to kepe them
fro appropriynge to themfelf that thynge y' apper-

94 ^^ Game of Chefs.

tcyncth to the comyn And yf they be good to
them felf/ they ben good to other. And yf they be
cuyll for themfclf/ they ben euyll for other And
the procefTes that ben made to fore the luges ought
to ben wreton & paflid by them/ and hit is to wete
that by their writynge in the proceflis may come
moche prouffit And alio yf they wryte otherwyfe
than they ought to doo/ may en(ewe moche harme
and domage to the comyn Therfore ought they
to take good heede that they chauge not ne cor-
rumpe in no wyfe the content of the fentence. For
than ben they firft foriwom And ben bounden to
nudce amendes to them that by theyr tricherye they
haue endonuiged/ And alio ought they to rede
yifite and to knowe the ftatutes. ordenances and the
lawes of the cytees of the contre/ where they d welle
and enhabite/ And they ought to confidere yf ther
be ony thynge therein conteyned ayenft right and
refbn/ and yf they fynde ony thinge contraire/ they
ought to admonefte and wame them that goueme/
that (uche thynges may be chaQged into better aftate/
For cuftome eftablifshid ayenft good maners and
agaynft the fayth/ ought not to be holden by right.
For as hit is (ayd in the decree in the chapitre to
fore/ aile ordenance made ayenft ryght ought to be
holden for nought Alas who is now that aduocate
or notaire that hath charge to wryte and kepe (en-
tence that putteth his entente to kepe more the
comyn prouffit or as moche as his owen/ But alle
drede of god is put a back/ and they deceyue the
fymple men And drawen them to the courtes dif-
ordinatly and conftrayned them to (were and make

The Game of Chefs. 95

othes not couenable/ And in aflemblyng the peplc
thus to gyder they make moo trayfons in the cytees
than they make good alyances And otherwhile
they deceyue their ibuerayns/ whan they may doc
hit couertly For ther is no thyngc at this day that
fo moche greueth rome and Italye as doth the col-
lege of notaries and aduocates publicque For they
ben not of oon a corde/ Alas and in Engeland
what hurte doon the aduocats. men of lawe. And
attorneyes of court to the corayn peple of y' royamc
as well in the fpirituell lawe as in the temporall/
how tome they the lawe and ftatutes at their pleafir/
how cte they the peple/ how enpouere they the
comynte/ I fuppofe that in alle Criftendom ar not
fo many pletars attorneys and men of the lawe as
ben in englond oncly/ for yf they were nombrid all
that lange to the courtcs of the channcery kinges
benche. comyn place, cheker, refiaytand helle And
the bagge berars of the {ame/ hit {hold amounte to
a greie multitude And how alle thyfe lyue & of
whome. yf hit fhold be vttrid & told/ hit (hold not
be beleuyd. For they entende to theyr fynguler
wele and prouffyt and not to the comyn/ how well
they ought to be of good wyll to gyder/ and admo-
nefte and warne the cytes eche in his right in fuche
wifc that they myght haue pees and loue one with
an other And tullius faith that frend/hippe and
good wyll that one ought to haue ayenft an other
for the wele of hym that he loueth/ wyth the fem-
blable wylle of hym/ ought to be put forth to fore
alle other thyngcs/ And ther is no thynge fo re-
I fcmblynge and lyke to the bees that maken honyc

96 The Game of Chefs.

ne fo couenable in profperite and in aduerfite as is
loue/ For by loue gladly the bees holden them to
gyder/ And yf ony trefpace to that other anone
they renne vpon the malefaAour for to punyfehe
hyra/ And verray trewe loue faylleth neuer for
wele ne for euyll/ and the mod fwete and the moft
confbrtynge thynge is for to haue a frende to whom
a man may faye his fecrete/ as well as to hym felf/
But verayly amytye and frendfhip is fomtyme
founded vpon fbm th'mge delei^ble And this
amytye comcth of yongthe/ in the whiche dwelleth
a difordinate heete.

And otherwhile amytie is founded vpon honefte/
And this amytie is vertuoufe/ Of the whiche
tullius faith y' ther is an amytie vertuous by the
whiche a man ought to do to his frende allc that
he requyreth by rayfon For for to do to hym a
thynge diihonnefte it is ayenft the nature of verray
frendfhipe & amytie/ And thus for frendlhipe ne
for ^uour a man ought not to doo ony thingc vn-
refbnable ayenft the comyn proufEt ner agaynft his
fayth ne ayenft his oth/ for yf alle tho thynges that
the frendes defire and requyre were accompllishid
& doon/ hit fhold feme that they (hold be dif-
honefte coniuracions/ And they myght otherwhile
more greue & hurte than prouffit and ayde/ And
herof fayth leneque that amytie is of fuche wylle as
the fi'ende wylle/ And to reiFufe that ought to be
refFiifid by rayfon/ And yet he {ayth more, that a
man ought to alowe and preyfe his frende to fore
the peple/ and to correfte and 10 chaftyfe hym
pryuyly. For the lawe of amytie is fuche For s

I'he Game of Chefs.

97

man ought not to demande ner doo to be doon to
his frende no vyilayns thynge that ought to be kept
fecrete And valerian fayth that it is a fowll thynge
and an euyll excufacion/ yf a man coniFefTc that he
hath done ony euyll for his frende ayenft right and
rayfon/ And fayth that ther was a good man named
Taffile whiche herde one his frende requyre of hym
a thynge dlflionnefte whiche he denyed and wold
not doo And than his frende fayth to hym in grete
difpyte/ what nede haue I of thy frendftiip &
amytie whan thou wylt not doo that thynge that I
requyre of the And Taffile anfwerd to hym/ what
nede haue I of the frendftiip and of the amytie of
the/ yf I (hold doo for the thynge difhonefte And
thus loue is founded otherwhile vpon good prou-
ffitablc/ and this loue endureth as ionge as he feeth
his prouffit And herof men faye a comyn prouerbe
in England/ that loue lafteth as Ionge as the money
endureth/ and whan the money faylleth than there
is no loue/ and varro reherceth in his fommes/ that
y* riche men ben alle louyd by this loue/ for their
frendes ben lyke as y" hufke whiche is aboute the
grayn/ and no man may proue his frende fo well as
in aduerfite/ or whan he is poure/ for the veray
trewe frende faylleth at no nede/ And feneque
faith y' fome folowe the empour for riches/ and fo
doon y' flies the hony for the fwetenes/ and the
wolf the karayn And thife companye folowe the
proye/ and not the man And tullius faith that
Tarquyn y' proude had a neuewe of his fufter which
was named brutus/ and this neuewe had banyfshid
tarquyn out of romc and had fcnte hym in exyle/

98 i:he Game of Chefs.

And than fayd he firft that he parceyuyd & knewe
his frendes whiche were trewe & untrewe/ and y*
he ncuer perceyuyd a fore tyme whan he was puyt-
fant for to doo their wyU/ and £iyd well that the
loue that they had to hym/ endured not but as longe'
as it was to them prouffitable/ and therfore ought
till the ryche men of the world take hede/ be they
Kynges Prynces or dues to what peple they doo
prouffit & how they may and ought be louyd of
theyr peple/ For cathon fayth in his book/ fee to
whom thougyuyft/ and this loue whiche is founded
ypon theyr prouffit/ whiche faylleth and endureth
not/ may better be callyd and faid marchandyie
than loue/ For yf we repute this loue tq our prouf-
fit only/ and nothynge to the prouflFyt of hym that
we loue/ It is more marchandyie than loue/ For
he byeth our loue for the prouffit that he doth to
vs/ and therfor (kith the verfifier thife two vcrfis
Tempore felici multi murmerantur amici Cum for-
tuna perit nuUus amicus erit/ whiche is to (aye in
Englifh that as longe as a man is ewrous and fortu-
nat he hath many frendes but whan fortune tometh
and periishith. ther abideth noc to hym one frende/
And of this loue ben louyd the medowes. feldes.
Trees and the beftes for the prouffit that men take
of them/ But the loue of the men ought to be
charyte. veray gracious and pure by good fayth/
And the veray trewe frendes ben knowen in pure
aduerfite/ and pers alphons f^th in his book of
moralite that ther was a philoibphre in arabye that
had an onely fone/ of whom he demanded what
frendes he had goten hym in his lyf And he an-

T^he Game of Chefs. 99

fwerd that he had many And his fader fayd to
hym/ I am an olde man/ And yet coude I neuer
fynde but one frende in alle my lyf/ And I trowe
verily that it is no lytyll thynge for to haue a
fi-ende/ and hit is well gretter and more a man to
haue many/ And hit appertayneth and behoueth
a man to aflaye and preue his frende er he haue
nede And than comanded the philofbpher his ibne/
that he fhold goo and flee a fwyne/ and putte hit in
a fack/ and fayne that hit were a man dede that he
had flayn and here hit to his frendes for to burye hit
(ecretly/ And whan the ibne had don as his fader
comanded to hym and had requyred his frendes one
after an other as a fore is fayd/ They denyed hym/
And anfwerd to hym that he was a vylayne to re-
quyre & defire of them thynge that was fo peryl-
lous And than he cam agayn to his fader and
fayd to hym how he had requyred alle his frendes/
And that he had not founden one that wolde helpe
hym in his nede And than his fader faid to hym
that he fliold goo and requyre his frende whiche
had but one/ and requyre hym that he fhold helpe
hym in his nede And whan he had requyred hym/
Anone he put oute alle his mayne oute of his hows/
And whan they were oute of the waye or a flepc
he dide do make fecretly a pytte in the grounde/
And whan hyt was redy and wold haue buryed the
body/ he fonde hit an hogge or a fwyne and not a
man/ And thus thys fone preuyd thys man to be
a vcray trewe frende of his fader/ And preuyd
that his frendes were fals frendes of fortune/ And
yet rcherccth the fayd piers Alphons/ That ther

I oo T^he Game of Chefs. ^

were two marchantes one of Bandach and that other
of Egipte whiche were fo loyned to gyder by io
grete frendfhippe that he of Bandach cam on a
tyme for to fee hys frende in Egipte/ of whom he
was receyuyd ryght honourably And thys mar-
chant of Egipte had in his hows a fayr yonge may-
den whom he fhold haue had in maryage to hym-
felf/ Of the whiche mayde thys marchant of
Bandach was efpryied wyth her loue (b ardantly
that he was ryght feeke/ And that men fuppofid
hym to dye. And than the other dyde doo come
the phiHcyens whiche fayd that in hym was none
other (ekenes fauf paflyon of loue/ Than he aidd
of the feeke man yf ther wer ony woman in hys
hows that he louyd and made alle the women of Ms
hows to come to fore hym/ And than he chees
her that fhold haue ben that others wyf and ikyd
that he was (eek for the loue of her/ Than hys
frende (ayd to hym Frende conforte your felf/
For trcwly I gyue her to yow to wyf wyth alle the
dowayre that is gyuen to me wyth her/ And had
leuer to fuflfre to be wyth oute wyf than to Icfe the
body of his frende And than he of Bandach
wedded the mayde. And wente wyth his wyf and
wyth his richefle ayen in to his contrey And after
this anone after hit happend that the marchant of
Egipte be cam (b poure by euyll fortune/ that he
was conftrayned to feche and b^ge his brede by
the contrey in fo moche that he cam to bandach.
And whan he entrid in to the toun hit was derke
nyght that he coude not fynde the hows of his
ftende/ but wente and laye this nyght in an olde

The Game of Chefs.
temple/ And on the morn whan he fhold yfliie
oute of the temple/ the officers of the toun areftid
hym and fayd that he was an homycide and had
flayn a man wh'iche laye there dede And anon he
confeffid hit wyth a good wylle/ And had leuyr to
ben hangid/ than to dye in that myferable and poure
lyf that he fufFrid And thus whan he was brought
to lugcment And fentence fhold haue ben gyuen
ayenft hym as an homicide/ his frende of bandach
cam and fawe hym and anone knewe y' this was his
good frende of Egipte And forthwyth ftept in
and fayde that he hymfelf was culpable of the deth
of this man/ and not that other/ and enforced hym
in a!le maners for to delyuer and excufe that other/
And than whan that he that had don the feet and
had flayn the man fawe this thynge/ he confiderid
in hym felf that thefe two men were Innocente. of
this feet/ And doubtynge thedyuyn lugement he
cam to fore the luge and confeffid alle the feet by
ordre/ And whan the luge fawe and herd alle this
I mater/ and alfo the cauies he confiderid the ferme
' and trewe loue that was betwene the two frendcs
And vnderftode the caufe why that one wold faue
that other/ and the trouth of the fayteof the homi-
cide And than he pardoned alle the feet hoolly
and cntierly/ and after the marchant of bandach
brought hym of egipte wyth hym in to his hous/
and gaf to hym his fufter in mariage/ and departid
to hym half his goodcs/ And fo bothe of hem were
riche/ And thus were they bothc veray faythfull
and trewe frcndes/ Furthermore Notaires, men of
lawe and crafty men ftiold and ought to loue eche

"'102 The Game of Chefs.

other And alfo ought to be contynent chafte &
honefte/ For by theyr craftes they ought fo to be
by necefTite/ For they conuerfc & accompanye
them ofce tyme with women And therfor hit apper-
teyneth to them to be chafte and honcrte And
that they meue not the women ner entyfc them to
lawhe/ and lape by ony difordinate enfignecs or
tokens/ Titus huyus reherceth that the philofopher
democreon dyde do put oute his eyen for as moche
as he myght not beholde the women wyth oute
flefshely defire/ And how well hit is faid before
that he dide hit for other certayn caufe yet was this
one of the pryncipall caufcs/ And Valerian telleth
that ther was a yonge man of rome of ryght excel-
lent beaute/ And how well that he was ryght
chafte/ For as moche as his beaute meuyd many
women to defyre hym/ in fo moche that he vnder-
ftode that the parents and frendes of them had fuf-
pccion in hym/ he dyde his vifage to be cutte wyth
a knyf and lancettis endlonge and ouerthwart for
to deforme his vifage/ And had leuerhaue a fowie
vifage and disformed/ than the beaute of hys vifage
ftiold mcue other to fynne/ And alfo we rede that
ther was a Nonne a virgyne dyde do put oute bothe
her eyen For as moche as the beaute of her eyen
meuyd a kynge to loue her/ whyche eyen {he fente
to the kynge in a prefente/ And alfo we rede that
plato the ryght ryche and wyfe phylolbphrc leftc
hys owne lande and Contre, And checfe his man-
fion and dwellynge in achadomye a town/ whiche
was not only deftroyed but alfo was fiill of pefte-
Icnce/ fo that by the cure and charge and cuftomance

The Game of Chefs.

03

f forowe that be there fuffrid/ myght efchewe the
heetes and occafiotis of lechcrye/ And many of his
difciples dyde in lyke wyfe/ Helemand reherceth
that demoftenes the philofopher lay ones by a right
noble woman for hisdifporte/ andplaynge with her
he demanded of her what he {hold gyue to haue to
doo wyth her/ And fhe anfwerd to hym/ a thou-
fand pens/ and he fayd agayn to her I ihold repcntc
me to bye hit fo dere/ And whan he aduyfcd hym
that he was fo fore chauffid to fpekc to her for
taccoplifsh his flefshely defire/ he difpoylcd hym alle
naked and wente and putte hym in the middes of
the fnowc And ouide reherceth that this thynge is
the leftethat mayehelpeand mofte greue the louers
And therfore faynt Auguftyn reherceth in his book
dc Ciuitate dei that ther was a ryght noble romayne
named merculian that wan and toke the noble cyte
of firacufc And to fore cr he dyde do aflaylle hit
or befyghte hit/ and er he had do be fhedde ony
blood/ he wepte and (hedde many teeris to fore the
cyte And that was for the caule that he doubted
that his peple fhold defoyle and corrumpe to moche
difhoneftly the chaftyte of the toun And ordeyned
vpon payne of deth that no man Ihold be fo hardy
to take and defoyllc ony woman by force what that
eucr ftie were/ After this the crafcymen ought to
vndcrftond for to be trewe/ and to haue trouthe in
her mouthes And that theyr dedes folowc thcyr
wordes For he that fayth one thynge and doth
another/ he condempneth hymfelf by his word
Alfo they ought to fee well to that they be of one
Acorde in good, by entente, by word, and by dede/

1 04 The Game of Chefs.

fo that they ben not difcordant in no caas/ But
cuery man haue pure verytc and trouth in hym felf/
For god hym felf is pure verite/ And men fay co- |
mynly that trouthe feketh none hemes ne corner*/ 1
And trouthe is a vertu by the whyche aile drede
and fraude is put away/ Men faye truly whan they
faye that they knowe/ And they that knowe not
trouthe/ ought to knowe hit/ And alieway vfe
trouthe/ For Saynt Auftyn fayth that they that
wene to knowe trouthe/ And lyuyth euyll &
vicioufly It is folye yf he knoweth hit not/ And
alfo he fayth in an other place that it is better
to fufFre peyne for trouthe. Than for to haue a
benefete by falfencs or by flaterye. And man that
is callyd a befte refonable and doth not his werkcs
after refon and trouthe/ Is more beftyall than ony
befte brute/ And knowe ye that for to come to
the trouthe/ Hit cometh of a raylbnable forfight
in his mynde/ And lyenge cometh of an outrageous
and contrarye thought in his mynde/ For he that
lycth wetyngly/ Knoweth well that hit is agaynft
the trouthe that he thynketh/ And herof fpeketh
Saynt Bernard and fayth/ That the mouthe that lyeth
dcftroyeth the fowie/ And yet fayth Saynt Auftyn
in an other place For to faye ony thynge/ And to
doo the contrarye. maketh doflryne fufpecious/
And knowe ye veryly that for to lye is a right
perillous thynge to body and fowle For the lye
that the auncyent enemye made Eue & adam to
beleue hym/ made hem for to be dampned wyth
alle theyr lignage to the deth pardurable And made
hem to be caft oute of Paradyfe terreftre/ For he

The Game of Chefs. 105

made them to beleue that god had not forboden
them the fruyt. But only be cauie they fhold not
knowe that her maifter knewe But how well that
the deuyll faid thife wordes yet had fhe double en-
tente to hem bothe For they knewe an n as they
had tafted of the fruyt that they were dampned to
the deth pardurable/ And god knewe it well to
fore But they fuppofid well to haue knowen many
other thynges And to bclyke vnto his knowleche
and fcience And therfor (ayth faynt poule in a
piftyll/ hit ne apperteyneth to faure or knowe more
than behoueth to faure or knowe/ but to fauoure or
knowe by mefureor fobrenes/ And valerian reherceth
that ther was a good woman of firacufane that wold
not lye vnto the kynge of fecylle whiche was named
dyonyfe And this kynge was fo full of tyrannye
& fo cruell that alle the world deiired his deth and
curfid hym/ Saauf this woman onely whiche was
(o olde that fhe had feen thre or . iiii . kynges
regnynge in the contre/ And eucry mornynge as
fone as fhe was ryfen fhe prayd to god that he wold
gyue vnto the tyrant good lyf and longe And
that fhe myght neuer fee his deth/ And when the
kynge dyonife knewe this he fent for her And mer-
uayllid moche herof For he knewe well that he
was fore behated/ And demaunded her/ what caufe
meuyd her to pray for hym. And fhe anfwerd and
faid to hym Syre whan I was a mayde we had a
right euyll tyrant to our kynge of whom we couey ted
fore the deth And whan he was ded ther cam after
hym a worfe/ of whom we coueyted alfo the deth/
And whan we were deliueryd of hym/ thou camft to

1 o6 The Game of Chefs.

be our brdwhiche arte woHb of alle other. And now

I doubte yf we haue one after the he fliall be worfe

than thou art/ And theHbre I ftiall pray for the

And whan dionyfe vnderftod that fhe was To hardy

in fayynge the truthe/ he durfte not doo t

her for ihame be cauie ihe was fo oldc

'>M*y^l

w

The fourth chaptre of the thirde book trettth of the
maner of the fourth pawn and of the marchants or

changers.

I HE fourth pawn is fette to for the
kynge And is formed in the fourme
of a man holding in his ryght hand a
balance/ And the wcyght in the lifte
hand/ And to fore hym a table And at his gurdell
a purfe fullc of monoye redy for to gyue to them
that requyre hit And by this peple ben ilgnefied
the marchans of cloth lynnen and wollen & of all
other marchandifes And by the table that is to for
hym is fignefied y* changeurs/ And they that lene
money/ And they that bye & felle by the wcyght

1 08 The Game of Chefs.

ben (ignefyed by the balances and weight And the
cuftomcrs. tollers/ and refleyuours of rentes & of
money ben fignefied by the purfe And knowe yc
that alle they that ben fignefied by this peple
ought to flee auaryce and couetyfe/ And eichewe
brekynge of the dayes of payement/ And ought to
holde and kepe theyr promyflis/ And ought alfo to
rendre & reftore y7 that is gyuen to them to kepe/
And therfor hit is refon that this peple be fette to
for y* kynge/ for as moche as they fignefie the
reiTeyuours of the trefours royall that ought all way
to be redy to fore y* kynge/ and to aniwcrc for
hym to the knightes and other peribnes for their
wages & (buldyes And therfore haue I fayd that
they ought to flee auarice. For auarice is as moche
to fay as an adourer or as worfhipar of fals ymages/
& herof f^th TuUius that auarice is a couetife to
gete y* thing that is aboue neceflite/ & it is a loue
diibrdinate to haue ony thynge And it is one of the
werft thyngis that is And fpecially to prynces and
to them that goueme the thynges of the comunete
And this vice caufeth a man to do euyll/ And this
doynge euyll is whan hit regneth in olde men And
herof faith Seneque That alle wordly thynges ben
mortifyed and appetiffid in olde men reierued
auaryce only/ whiche allcway abideth wyth hym
and dyeth wyth hym But I vnderftande not well
the caufe wherof this cometh ne wherfore hit may
be And hit is a fowle thynge and contrarie to rcibn
That whan a num is at ende of his loumey for to
lengthe his viage and to ordeyne more vitayll than
hym behoueth And this may well be lykened to

The Game of Chefs. 109

the auarycious wolf For the wolf doth neuer good
tyll he be dede And thus it is fayd in the prouerbis
of" the wifemen/ that thauaricious man doth no good
tyll that he be ded/ And he defireth no thynge
but to lyue longe in this fynne For the couctoufe
man certaynly is not good for ony thynge For he
is euyll to hymfelf and to the riche and to the
poure. And fynde caufe to gayn faye theyr defire/
and herof reherceth feneque and fayth that Anti-
gonus was a couetous prynce/ & whan Tinque
whiche was his frende requyrcd of hym a befaut/ he
anfwerd to hym that he demanded more than hit
apperteyned to hym And than tinque conftrayned
by grete neceflite axid and requyred of hym a pcny/
And he anfwerd to hym that hit was no yefte
couenable for a kynge and fo he was allway redy to
fynde a caufe nought to gyue For he myght haue
gyuen to hym a befaut as a kynge to his frende/
And the peny as to a poure man And ther is no
thynge fo lytyll/ but that the humanyte of a kynge
may gyue hit Auarice full of couetyfe is a maner of
alle vices of luxurye And Jofephus reherceth in
the book of auncyent hiftories/ that ther was in
rome a ryght noble lady named Paulyne/ And was
of the mod noble of rome/ right honerte for the
nobtelTe of chaftete/ whiche was maryed in the
tymc that the women gloryfied them in theyr
chaftete vnto a yonge man fayr. noble, and riche
aboue alle other/ and was lyke and femblable to his
wyf in alle caafis/ And this paulyne was belouyd of a
knight named emmerancian And was fo ardaudy
cfpryfed in her loue that he fente to her many right

I lo The Game of Chefs.

riche j^itt^f And made to her many grcte pro-
miflis/ but he might neucr tome the hertc of her
whiche was on her fide alio colde and harde as
marbill But had leuer to refFufe his yeftes and his
promiiTes. Than to entende to couetiie & to lofe
her chaftete/ and we rede alfo in the hiftoryes of
rome that ther was a noble lady of rome/ whiche
lyuyd a folitarye lyf and was chafte & honefte/
And had gadrid to gyder a grete ibme of gold/
And had hid hit in the erthe in a py tte wyth in her
hous/ And whan (he was ded/ the bifshop dyde do
burye her in the churche well and honeftly/ And
anone after this gold was founden & bom to the
bifshop/ And the bifshop had to cafte hit in to the
pyttc wher (he was buryed. And .iii. dayes men
herd her crye & make grete noyfe/ and faye that
(he brennyd in grete payne/ and they herd her ofte
tymes thus tormentid in y* chirche/ the neighbours
wcnte to the bifshop & told hym therof/ and y*
bifshop gaf hem leue to open the (epulcre/ and
whan they had opend hit/ they fonde all the gold
molten with fyre full of fulphre/ And was poured
and put in her mouth/ and they herd one iaye/
thou defiredeft this gold by couetyie take hit and
drynke hit/ And than they toke the body out of
the tombe And hit was caft oute in a preuy place
Seneque reherceth in the book of the cryes of
women that auarice is foundement of alle vices/
And valerian reherceth that auarice is a ferdfiill
garde or kepar of rychcflis for he that hath on hym
or in his kepynge moche money or other rycheffis/
is allway a ferd to lofe hit or to be robbid or to be

'The Game of Chefs. 1 1 1

flayn thcrfore/ And he is not ewrous ner happy

that by couetyfc geteth hit/ And alle the euyllys

of this vice of auarice had a man of rome named

feptemulle For he was a frende of one named

tarchus And this feptemulle brente fo fore and fo

cruelly in this fynne of couetyfe/ that he had no

ihame to Imyte of the hede of his frende by tray-

[ &n/ For as moche as one framofian had promyfed

I to hym as moche weyght of pure gold as the heed

Lweyed And he bare the fayd heed vpon a ftaf

iiut^h the cyte of rome/ and he wyded the brayn

P-Out therof and fyld hit full of leed for to weyc the

T hcuyer This was a right horrible and cruell auarice

Ptolome kynge of the Egipciens pourfewed auarice

in an other manere For whan anthonie emperour

of rome fawe that he was right riche of gold and

filuer/ he had hym in grete hate and tormentid hym

right cruelly And whan he (hold perifhe be caufe

of his richeffis/ he toke alle his hauoyr and put hit

in a ihippc And wente wyth alle in to the hye lee

to thende for to drowne and perilhe there the (hippe

and his rychefTes be caule Anthonie his enemye

fhold not haue hit/ And whan he was there he

durft not perifshe hit ner myght not fynde in his

herte to departe from hit/ but cam and brought hit

agayn in to his hows where he refleyuyd the reward

of deth therfore. And wyth oute doubte he was

not lord of the richefle but the richeflc was lady

ouer hym/ And therfore hit is fayd in prouerbe

that a man ought to feignorye ouer the riches/ and

' not for to ferue hit/ and yf thou canft dewly vfe

Itiiy rychefle than (he is thy chamberyer/ And yf

112 The Game of Chefs.

thou can not departe from hit and vie hit honeftly
at thy play fir/ knowe verily y* fhe is thy lady For
the richefle neuer fatisfieth the couetouTe/ but the
more he hath/ the more he defireth/ And falufte
fayth that auarice diftourblith fayth poefte honefte
and alle thefe other good vertues/ And taketh for
thefe vertues pryde. cruelte. And to forgete god/
And faith that alle thynges be vendable And after
this they ought to be ware that they leue not to
moche/ ner make fo grete creances by which they
may falle in pouertc/ For faynt Ambrofe faith upon
tobye. pouerte hath no lawe/ for to owe hit is a
fhame/ & to owe and not paye is a more fhame/ yf
y" be poure beware how thou boroweft/ and thinke
how thou maift paye & rendre agayn yf y'be ryche
y" haft none nede to borowe & axe/ & it is (aid in
the prouerbes y* hit is fraude to take/ that y" wilt
not ner maift rendre & paye agayn/ and alio hit is
faid in reprochc/ whan I leue I am thy frend/ &
whan I axe I am thy enemye/ as wo faith/ god at
the lenynge/ & the deuyll at rendrynge/ And
feneque fayth in his audorites/ that they y' gladly
borowe/ ought gladly to paye/ and ought to fur-
monte in corage to loue hem the better be caufe
they leue hem & ayde hem in her nede/ For for
benefetes & good tomes doon to a man ought to
gyue hym thankinges therfore/ And moche more
ought a man to repaye that Is lente hym in his
nede/ But now in thefe dayes many men by
lenynge of their money haue made of their frendes
enemyes/ And herof fpeketh Domas the philofo-
pher and fayth that my fi-ende borowed money of

The Game of Chefs. 1 1 3

me/ And I haue loft my frende and my money
attones/ Ther was a marchant of Gene & alfo a
chaungeour/ whos name was Albert gauor/ And
this albert was a man of" grete trouth and loyaulte/
for on a tyme ther was a man cam to hym and faid
& afFermed that he had delyucryd in to his banke .v,
honderd floryns of gold to kepe whiche was not
trouth for he lyed/ whyche fyue honderd floryns
the faid Albert knewc not of/ ner ccude fynde in
all hys bookes ony fuche money to hym due And
this lyar coude not bryngc no wytneflis/ but began
to braye. crye and dcffame the faid albert And than
this Albert callid to hym this marchaiit and fayd/
Dere frende take here v. honderd florins whyche
thou affermeft and fayft that thou haft deliuerid to
me And forthwyth tolde hem and take hem to hym
And lo this good man had leuer to lofe his good
than his good name and renome And this other
marchant toke thefe florins that he had wrongfully
rcceyuyd/ and enployed them in diuerce marchan-
dile in fo moche that he gate and encrefid and wan
with them .xv. thoufand florins And whan he fawe
that he approchid toward his deth/and that he had
no children He eftablifshid albert his heyr in alle
thingis And fayd that with the -v. honderd florins
that he had receyuyd of albert falfely/ he had goten
all y' he had in the world And thus by dyuyne
pourueance he that had be a thcef fraudelent/ was
made afterward a trewe procurour and attorney of
the fayd albert/ But now in this dayes ther ben
marchaus that do marchandife with other mens
money whiche is taken to hem to kepe/ And whan

IT4

The Game of Chefs.

: hit they haue no fhame

they ben requyred to repaye t
to denye hit appertly/ wherof hit happend that ther
was a marchant whyche had a good & grete name
and renome of kepynge well fuche thynges as was
delyueryd to hytn to kepe/ But whan he lawe
place and tyme/ he reteynyd hyt lyke a theef/ So
hyt befclle that a marchant of withoute forth herd
the good reporte & fame of this man/ cam to hym
and deliuerid hym grete trefour to kepe/ And this
trefour abode thre yer in his kepynge. And after
this thre yer thys marchant cam & requyred to
haue hys good deliueryd to hym agaym/ And thys
man knewe well that he had no recorde ne wytnes
to preue on hym this duete/ Nor he had no obli-
gaclon nc wrytynge of hym therof/ In fuche wyfe
that he denycd alle entyerly/ And fayd playnly he
knewe hym not And whan thys good man hcrde
and vnderftode thys. he wente forowfully and
wepynge from hym fo ferre and longe that an old
woman mette wyth hym/ And demanded of hym
the caufe of hys wepynge/ And he fayd to her/
woman hit apperteyneth no thynge to the Go thy
way/ And (he prayd hym that he wold telle her
the caufc of hys forowc/ For parauenture ftie
myght gyuehym counceylle good and prouffytable.
And than this man told to her by ordre the caas of
his fortune/ And the old woman that was wyfe &
fubtyll demanded of hym yf he had in that cyte ony
frende whiche wold be faythfull and trewe to hym
And he fayd ye that he had dyuerce frendes/ Than
faid (he goo thou to them and iaye to them that
they do ordcyne and bye dyacrce cofres & cheftis/

1 1 6 The Game of Chefs.

his clerck/ and bad hym goo fecche fuche a thynge
in fuche a place/ and deliuere hit to that good man
For he deliuerid hit to me/ And than the good
man receyuyd his good. And wente his way right
loyouily and gladd/ And this marchant trycheur
and deceyuour was defrauded from his euyll malice/
And he ne had neyther that one ne that other ony
thynge that was of value/ And therfore hit Is (kyd
in prouerbe to defraude the beguylar is no fraude/
And he that doth well foloweth oure lord And
feneke faith that charyte enfeygneth and techeth
that men fhold paye well For good payement is
ibmetyme good confeflion/ And this marchant try-
cheour & deceyuour refembleth & Is lyke to an
hoimd that bereth a chefe in his mouth whan he
fwymmeth ouer a watre For whan he is on the
watre He ieeth the fhadowe of the cheie in the
watre/ And than he weneth hit be an other chefe/
And for couctyfe to haue that/ he openth his mouth
to cacche that/ And than the cheie that he bare
fallyth doun in to the watre/ And thus he lofeth
bothe two/ And in the (ame wife was feruyd this
marchant deceyuour/ For for to haue the coffres/
whiche he had not feen/ He deliueryd agayn that
he wold haue holden wrongfully & thus by his
couetife and propre malice he was deccyuyd/ And
therfore hit apperteyneth to euery good & wyfe
man to knowe & confidere in hym felf how moche
he had refleyuyd of other men/ And vpon what
condicion hit was deliuerid to hym And hit is to
wete y* this diinge apperteyneth to refleyuours &
to chaungeours And to alle true marchans and other

T}u Game of Chefs. 1 1 7

what fom cuyr they bee/ and ought to fccpc thdr
bookes of refaytes & of payements of whom & to
whom and what tyme & day. and yf ye demande
what thynge makyth them to foigete fuchc thynges
as ben taken to them to kepe I anfwere & faye
that hyt Is grcte couctyfe for to hauc tho thynges
to themfelf and neuer to departe from them/ And
it is all her thought and defire to aflemble alle the
good that they may gete For they beleue on none
other god/ but on her richelHs theyr hertes ben fo
obftynat/ and this fufficeth of the marchantes.

Tfiil fyfth chapitre of the thirde hook Iretelk of
fhificiens Jpicers and Apotyquarys.

HE pawnn that is fettc to fore the
quene figncfj'cth the phificyen/ fpicer
and Apot>'quaire;' and is formed in the
figure of a man; And he is fette in a
chayer as a mayftre and holdeth in his right hand a
book,' And an ample or a boxe wyth oynementis
in his lyft hand/ And at his gurdell his Inftru-
mcntis of yron and of filuer for to make Incyfions
and to (crchc woundes and hurtes/ and to cutte
apoftumes;' And by thyfc thynges ben knowen
the cyrurgyens/ By the book ben vnderftanden
the pWficyens/ and alle granuryens. logicyens/

The Game of Chefs. 1 1 g

maiftres of lawe. of Georaetrye. Arifmetryque.
mufique and of aftronomye/ And by the ampote/
ben fignefyed the makers of pigmentaries spicers
and apotiquayres/ and they that make confedtions
and confytes and mcdecynes made wyth precyous
spyces And by the ferremens and Intrumentis that
hangen on the gurdell ben fignefied the cyrurgyens
& the maiftres And knowe ye for certain that a
tnayftre & phificyen ought to knowe the propor-
cions of lettrcs of gramayre/ the monemens the con-
clufions and the fophyms of logyque. the graclo'
Ipeche and vtterance of rethonque/ the mefures of
the houres and dayes/ and of the cours and aftro-
nomye/ the nombre of arfmetryk/ & the loyous
fonges of mufyque And of all thyfe tofore named/
the maiftres of rethorique ben the chyef maiftres in
fpeculatyf/ And the two lafte that ben pradifiens
and werkers ben callyd phificyens and cyrurgyens/
how well they ben fage and curyous in thyft fciences/
And how well that mannes lyf is otherwhilc put in
thordonance of the phificyen or cyrurgyen/ yf he
haue not fagefte and wyfedom in hym felfof dyuerce
wrytynges and is not expert/ And medlyth hym in
the craft of phifique/ He ought better be callyd a
flear of peple than a phificyen or cyrurgyen. For
he may not be a mayftre but yf he be ieure and
expert in the craft of phifike that he fle not moo
than he cureth and maketh hoole/ And therfore
fayth Auycenne in an Enphormye/ yf thou cureft
the leke man. And knoweft not thecaule/ wherof
the maladye ought to be cured/ Hit ought to be
fayd that thou haft cured hym by fortune and happe

^7%e*Game o^hejs.

natly/ but that ryght chaftc man/ made neuer fem-
blant to her/ Ner he neuer remeuyd from his ferme
purpoos/ In fuche wyfe as (he departid from hym
alle confufid and fhamed/ Cornelius fcipion that
was fent by the romayns for to goueme fpayne/
as fone as he entryd in to the caflellis & in to the
townes of that lande He began to take away all the
thynges that miht ftyre or meue his men to lecherye
wherfore men fayd that he drof & chaced oute of the
ofte moo than two thoufand bourdellys/ And he
that was wyfe knewe well that delyte of lecherye
corrupted and apayred the corages of tho men that
ben abandonned to that fame delyte/ And herof hit
is fayd in the fables of the poetes in the firft book
of the Truphes of the Philolbphers by figure. That
they that entryd in to the fontayne of the firenes or
mermaydens/ were corrumpid and they toke them
away with hem/ And alfo ye ought to knowe that
they ought to entende diligently to the cures of the
enfcrmytees in cyrugerye/ They ought to make
theyr playfters acordynge to the woundes or fores/
yf the wounde be rounde The enplaftre muft be
round/ and yf hyt be longe/ hyt mufte be longe/
and otherwhile hit mufte be cured by his contrarye/
lyke as it apperteyncth to phifique/ For the hete
is cured by cold/ and the colde by hete/ and loye
by forowe/ and forowe by loye/ and hit happeth
ofte tymes that moche peple be in grete paryll in
takynge to moche loye and lefe her raembris/ and
become half benomen in the fodayn loye/ And loye
is a repleiftion of thynge that Is deleiftablc fprad a
brode in all the membris with right grete gladnes

The Game of Chefs. 123

d all men entende and defire to haue the fayd
ryght grete loye naturelly/ But they knowe not
what may enfue and come therof And this loye
comcth otherwhile of vertucof confcience/ And the
wyfe man is not wyth out this loye And this loye
is neuer Interrupt ne in deffaulte at no tyme For hit
Cometh of nature And fortune may not take a waye
that nature geucth. And merciall faith that loyes
fugitiues abide not longe But flee away anon And
valerian reherceth that he that hath force andftrengthe
rayibnable/ hath hit of verray matier of completion
and that cometh of loue And this loye hath as
mochc power to departe the fowie fro the body/ as
hath the thondre/ wherof hit happend that ther
was a woman named lyna whiche had her huAionde
in the warre in the fliippis of the romayns/ And flie
fuppofid verily that he was ded/ But hit happend
that he cam agayn home And as he entryd in to his
yatc/ his wif met wyth hym fodcynly not warned of
his comyng. whiche was (b glad and loyous/ that in
enbrafynge hym (he fyll doun ded Alfo of an
other woman to whom was reportid by a fals mef-
fanger that her ibne was ded/ whiche wente home
foroufully to her hows/ And afterward whan her
fone cam to her/ As fone as (he fawe hym/ ft\e was
fo efmoued wyth loye y' (he deyde to fore hym/
But this is not fo grete meruaylle of women as is of
the men/ For the women ben likened vnto fofte
waxe or fofte ayer and therfor (he is callid mulicr
whyche Is as moche to faye in latyn as mollys aer.
And in englifh foyfte ayer/ And it happeth oftc
tymes that the nature of them that ben fofte and

1 24 T^he Game of Chefs.

mole/ taketh fonner Inpreffion than the nature of
men that is rude and ftronge/ Valeiye reherceth
& fayth that a knyght of rome named Inftaulofus
that had newly conquerid and fubiuged the yle of
CoHika/ And as he (acrefyed his goddes/ he re-
ceyuyd lettres from the fenate of rome In whiche
were conteyned dyuerie fupplicacyons/ The whiche
whan he vnderftood he was fo glad and (b enter-
pryfed wyth loye/ that he knewe not what to doo
And than a great fumee or fmoke y flued out of the
fyre In whiche he difpayred and fyll in to the fyre/
where he was anone ded/ And alio it is iayd that
Philomenus lawhed io £>re and diftemperatly that
he deyde alle lawhynge/ And we rede that ypocras
the phificien fonde remedye for thys loye/ For
whan he had longe dwellyd oute of his ccmtreye
for to leme connynge and wyfedom/ And (hold
retome vnto his parentis and frendes/ whan he ap-
prochid nyghe them/ He fente a meflanger to fore
for to telle to them his comynge/ and comanded
hym to iaye that he cam/ for they had not longe to
fore ieen hym/ And y' they (hold attempre them
in that loye er they (hold fee hym/ And aUb we
rede that Titus the (bne of va(pa(ian whan he had
conquerd Iheruialem and abode in y* contrees by/
he herde y' his fader vafpafian was cho(en by alle
the (enate for to goueme the empire of rome/ wher-
fore he had (b right grete loye that (bdaynly he lofte
the ftrength of all his membres And be cam all
Impotent And whan lofephus that made the hif-
torye of the romayns ayenft the lewis/ whiche was
a ryght wyfe phificien (aVe and knewe the cau(e of

The Game of Chefs, i z 5

i fckenes of the fayd Titus/ he enquyred of his
folk yf he had in hate ony man gretly fo moche
that he myght not here fpeke of hym ner well fee
hym And one of the feruantes of Titus fayd tha.t
I he had one perfone in hate lb moche. That ther
J was no man in his court fo hardy that durfte name
I hym in his prefence/ and than lofephus afligned a
I day whan this man fhold come/ and ordeyned a
I table to fette in y* fight of Titus/ and dide hit to be
replenylshid plcnteuoiifly wyth alle dayntees/ and
ordeyned men to be armed to kepe hym in fuche
wyfe that no man (hold hurte hym by the coman-
\ dement of Titus/ and ordeyned boutellers. Coques/
and other officers for to ferue hym worfhipfuUy
lyke an Empour/ and whan all this was redy/
lofephus brought in this man that tytus hated and
fette hym at the table to fore his eyen and was
ftruyd of yonge men wyth grete reuerencc ryght
cortoifly/ And whan titus behelde his enemye fette
to fore hym wyth fo grete honour/ He began to
chauffe hym felf by grete felonnye And comanded
his men that this man (holde be (layn/ And whan
he lawe/ that none wold obeye hym But that they
all way ftruyd hym reuerently/ he waxe fo ardante/
and enbrafid wyth fo grete yre/ that he that had loft
alle the force and ftrengthe of his body and was
alle Impotent in alle his membres/ Recoured the
helthe agayn and ftrengthe of his membris/ by the
hete that entryd in to the vaynes and finewis And
lofephus dide fo moche that he was recouerid and
hole/ And that he helde that man no more for his
enemye/ but helde hym for a verray true frende/

136

Tfu Game of Chefs.

And afterward made hym his loyall felawe and
compaignon And the efpicers and Apotecayres
ought to make truly fuche thynges as Is comanded
to them by the phyficyens/ And they ought tac-
complifshe theyr billis and charge curyoufly wyth
grete dilygence/ that for none other caufe they fliold
be ocupied but in makynge mcdicynes or confec-
tions truly. And that they ought vpon paryll of
theyr fowie not to forgete/ by negligence ne reche-
lefnes to gyue one medecyne for an other/ In fuche
wyfe that they be not Hears of men/ And that
they do putte no falfe thynges In her fpyccsfor to
cmpayre or encrecynge the weyght. For yf they
fo doo they may better be callyd theuys than efpl-
ciers or apotccayris/ And they that ben acuftomed
to make oynements they ought to make hyt
proprely of true ftuf and of good odoure after the
receptes of the auncyent doiftours/ And after the
forme that the phificyens and cyrurgyens deuyfe
vnto them/ Alfo they ought to beware that for
none auayle ne gyfte that they myght haue/ that
they put in theyr medicyncs no thynge venemous
ner doynge hurte or fcathe to ony pcrfone of whom
they haue none good ne veray knowlege/ to thende
that they to whom the medicynes ihold be gyuen/
tome not to them hurte ne domage/ ne in deftruc-
tions of theyr neyghbours/ and alio that the)- that
haue mynyftrid tho thyngis to them/ ben not taken
for partcners of the blame and of the fynne of them
The cyrurg)-ens ought alfo to be debonayr. amy-
able. & to haue pytye of their pacyents. And alfo
they ought not be haAy to laanic and catte apof-

4

i

T^he Game of Chefs. 1 27

tumes and ioores/ ne open the heedes/ ner to arrache
bones broken/ but yf the caufe be apparant/ For
they myght ellys lofe thcyr good renome And
myght better be callyd bouchers than helars or
giiarifshors of woundes and ioores And alio hit
behoueth that alle this maner of peple forefayd that
haue the charge for to make hole and guariishe alle
maner of maladyes and Infirmitees that they firil
haue the cure of themielf/ and they ought to purge
themielf fro alle apoftumes and alle vices/ In fuche
wyfe that they be net and honefte and enformed in
alle good maners/ And that they ihewe hem hole
and pure & redy for to hele other And herof
fayth Boecius de Coniblacione In his firil booke
that the ilerres that ben hid vnder the clowdes maye
gyue no light. And therfore y f ony man wole be-
holde clcrly the verite. Late hym wythdrawe hym
fro the obfcurete and derkenes of the clowdes of
ignorance/ for whan the engyne of a man (heweth in
loye or in ibrowe/ The peniee or thought is en-
uoluped in obfcurete & vnder the clowdes.

The fixthe chaptre of the thirde booke treteth of the
Jixth pawn/ whiche is lykened to tauerners hof-
lelers and vitayllen.

I

■ HE (ixthe pawn whiche ftandeth to
fore the Alphyn on the lyfte fyde is
made in thys forme. For hit is a
man that hath the right hande ftracched
outc as for to calle men/ And holdeth in his lyftc
hande a ioof of breed and a cuppe of wyn/ And
on his gurdell hangynge a boudcll of keyes/ And
this refembleth the Tauerners. hoftelers. and fellars
of vitaylle. And thife ought proprely to be fette to
fore the/ Alphyn as to fore a luge For ther four-
dcth ofte tymes amongc hem contendon noyfc and

The Game of Chefs. 1 29

ftryf/ whiche behoueth to be determyned and tray ted
by the alphyn/ whiche is luge of the kynge/ And
hit apperteyneth to them for to feke and enquyre
for good wyns and good vitayll for to gyue and felle
to the byers/ And to them that they herberowe/
And hit apperteyneth to them well to kepe their
herberowes and Innes/ and alle tho thyngis that
they brynge in to their loggynge and for to putte
hyt in fcure and fauf warde and kepynge/ And the
firfte of them Is fignefycd by the lyfte hande in
whiche he bereth brede and wyn/ and the feconde
is fignefied by the right hande whiche Is ftracched
cute to calle men/ And the thirde is reprefentid
by the keyes hangynge on y* gurdell And thyfe
maner of peple ought tefchewe the fy nne of glotonye/
For moche peple comen in to theyr howfes for to
drynke and to etc for whyche caufe they ought re-
ibnably to rewle them felf and to rcfrayne them
from to moche mete and drynke/ to thende that
they myght the more honeftly delyuere thyngis
nedefuU vnto the peple that come vnto them/ And
no thynge by oultrage that myght noye the body/
For hit happeth ofte tymes that ther cometh of
glotonye tencyons. ftryfs. ryottes. wronges. and
moleftacyons/ by whiche men Icfe other while their
handes. theyr eyen. and other of their membres/
And fomtyme ben flayn or hurt vnto the deth/
As it is wreton In vitas patrum As on a tyme an
heremyte wente for to vifite his goffibs/ And the
deuyll apperyd to hym on the waye in lykenes of
an other heremyte for to tempte hym/ and faide
thou haft lefte thyn heremitage And gooft to vifyte

130 The Game of Chefs.

thy goffibs/ The behoueth by force to doo one of
y* thre thynges that I fhall fayc to the/ thou fhalt
chefe whether thou wylt be dronkc/ or ellys haue
to do fleffly wyth thy goflib or ellys thou (halt fle
her hufbond whiche is thy gofTip alfo/ And the
hermyte that thought for to chefe the lefte euyll
chace for to be dronke/ and whan he cam vnto
them he dranke fo moche that he was veray dronke
And whan he was dronke and efchaufFed wyth the
wyn/ he wold haue a doo wyth hys goflib/ And
her hufbonde withftode hym. And than the her-
myte flewe hym/ And after that laye by his goflib
and knewe her fleffly/ And thus by this fynne of
dronkenfhip he accomplifshid the two other fynnes/
By whyche thynge ye may vnderftande and knowe
y* whan the deuyll wyll take one of the caftellis of
Ihefu cryft/ that is to wete the body of a man or of
a woman/ he doth as a pry nee that fetteth a fiegeto
fore a cafteli that he wold wynne/ whiche ent&deth
to Wynne the gate/ For he knoweth well whan he
hath wonne the gate/ he may fone doo hys wyllc
wyth the cafteli. And in lyke wyfe doth the deuyll
wyth euery man and woman For whan he hathe
wonne the gate/ that is to wete the gate of y'
mouth by glotonye or by other fynne He may doo
wyth the oflices of the body alle his wylle as ye
haue herd to fore/ And therfore ought euery man
ete and drynkc fobrely in fuche wyfe as he may
lyue. And not lyue to ete glotonfly & for to
drynke dronke. ye fee comunly that a gretc bole
is fuffifid wyth right a lityll pafture/ And that a
wode fuflifeth to many olefauntes And hit be-

T!he Game of Chefs. 1 3 1

houeth a man to be fedde by the crthe or by the
fee/ neuertheles it is no grete thynge to fede the
bely/ no thynge fo grete as is the define of many
metes Wherof Quyntylian fayth/ That hit happeth
ofte tymes in grete fcftes & dyners/ that we be
fylde wyth the fight of the noble and lichorous
metis and whan we wolde ete we ben faciat and
fild/ And therfore hit is fayd in prouerbe/ hit is
better to fylle the bety than the eye/ And lucan
fayth that glotonye is the moder of alle vices/ and
elpeciall of lecherye/ and alfo is deftroycr of all
goodes And may not haue fuffifance of lityll
thynge/ A couetous honger what fekeft thou mete
and vitayjlis on the lande & in the fee/ And thy
loye is nothynge ellis but to haue playnteuous
difehes & well fylde at thy table lerne how men
may demene his lyf with lityll thynge/ And Cathon
fayth in no wyfe obeye to glotonye whiche is frende
to lecherye/ And the holy dodour faynt Auguftyn
fayth/ the wyn efchaufFeth the bely that falleth
anone to lecherye/ The bely and the membrers
engendreurs ben neyghebours to lecherye/ And
thus the vice of glotonye prouoketh lecherye/
wherof cometh forgetenes of his mynde and de-
ftruflion of alie quyk and (harp rclbn And is
caufe of distempance of his wittes/ what fynne is
fowler than this fynne and more ftynkynge ne
more domageous For this fynne hath taken away
the vertue of the man/ his prowefle languifshed/
his vertue is torned to diffame/ the ftrengthe of
body and of corage is torned by the/ And therfore
fayth Bafille le grant/ late vs take hede how we

132 T^he Game of Chefs.

ferue the bely & the throte by glotonye lyke as we
were dombe beftes/ and we ftudye for to be lyke
vnto belues of the fee/ to whom nature hath gyuen
to be alleway enclined toward the crthe & ther to
loke for to ferue theyr belyes/ And herof faith
Boecius de confolacipne in his fourth book/ that a
man that lyuyth and doth not the condicions of a
man/ may neuer be in good condicion/ Than muftc
hit nedes be that he be tranfported in nature of a
befte or of a belue of the fee. How well that
ryght grete men and women full of meruayllous
fciences and noble counceyll in thife dayes in the
world ben kept and nourifshid in this glotonye of
wyns and metes/ and ofte tymes ben ouerfeen/ how
fuppofe ye/ is hit not right a perillous thinge that
a lord or gouernour of the peple and comun wele/
how well that he be wyfe/ yf he efchaufFe hym
fone fo that y* wyn or other drynke furpryfe hym
and ouercome his brayn. his wifedom is lofte/
For as Cathon fayth/ Ire enpefsheth the corage in
fuche as he may not kepe verite and trouthe And
anon as he is chaufFed/ lecherye is meuyd in hym
in fuche wyfe that the lecherye maketh hym to
medle in dyuerfe villayns dedes/ For than his
wyfedom is a flepe and goon/ And therfore fayth
Ouide in his booke De remedio amoris/ yf thou
take many and dyuerce wyns/ they apparylle and
enforce the corages to lecherye And Thobie wit-
neflith in his booke/ that luxurye deftroyeth the
body/ and mynufsheth richefles/ fhe lofeth the
fowle/ file febleth y* flrengthe fhe blyndeth the
fyght/ and maketh the wys hoos & rawe/ Ha A

T^he Game of Chefs. i 3 3

ryght euyll and fowle fynne of dronkenfhip/ by the
perifsheth virginite/ whiche is fufter of angellis
pofledynge alle goodnes and feurte of all loyes
pardurable/ Noe was one tyme fo chaufFed with
wyn/ that he discouerd and fhewid to his fones his
preuy membres in fuche wyfe as one of his fones
mocqued hym/ And that other couerd hem/ And
loth whiche was a man right chafte. was fo aflbted
by moche drynkynge of wyn/ that on a montayne
he knew his doughters carnelly/ And had to doo
wyth them as they had ben his propre wyues. And
Crete reherceth that boece whiche was flour of the
men/ trefor of rycheflfes/ finguler houfe of fapience
myrour of the world/ Odour of good renome/ and
glorye of his fubgettis lofte alle thyfe thynges by
his luxurye We haue feen that dyuerce that were
loyned by grete amyte to geder whiles they were
fobre/ that that one wolde put his body in paryll
of deth for that other/ and whan they were
efchaufFed with wyn & dronke/ they haue ronne
eche vpon other for to fle hem/ And fomme haue
ben that haue flayn fo his frende/ Herodes Antipas
had not doon faynt lohn baptift to ben beheded/
nc had y* dyner ben full of glotonye and dronken-
fhip/ Balthazar kynge of babilone had not ben
chaced out of his kyngdom ne be flayn yf he had
ben fobre amonge his peple whom tyrus and dares
fonde dronken and flewe hym The hoftelers ought
to be well befpoken and courtoys of wordes to
them that they receyue in to their loggynge For
fayr (peche & loyous chiere & debonayr/ caufe men
to gyuc the hoftelyer a good name/ And therfore

1 34 Jhe Game of Chefs.

it is faid in a comyn prouerbe/ Courtoyfe langage
and well faynge is moche worth and cofte lityll/
And in an other place it is faid that curtoyfie
pafTeth beaulte/ Alfo for as moche as many paryls
and aduentures may happen on the wayes and
paiTages to hem that ben herbcrowed with in their
Innes/ therfore they ought to accompanye them
whan they departe and enfeigne them the wayes
and telle to them the paryls/ to thende that they
may furely goo theyr viage and loumey/ And alfo
they ought to kepe their bodies, their goodes. And
the good fame and renomee of their Innes/ we rede
that loth whan he had receyuyd y* angels in to his
hous right debonairly whiche he had fuppofid had
ben mortal! men and ftraugers/ to thende that they
(hold efkape the difordinate and vnnaturell fynne of
lecherye of the fodamites/ by the vertu of good
f&yth/ he fette a part the naturell loue of a fader/
and proferd to them his doughters whiche were
virgyns/ to thende that they (hold kepe them and
defende them fro that vylkyne and horrible fynne/
And knowe ye for certayn that alle tho thynges
that ben taken and delyueryd to kepe to the hofte
or hoftefles they ought to be iauf and yelden agayn
wy th out a payringe For the oofte ought to knowe/
who that entryth in to his hous for to be her-
berowhed taketh hit for his habitacion for the tyme/
he hymfelf and alle fuche thynges as he bryngeth
wyth hym ben comyied of ryght in the warde and
kepynge of the hooft or hoflekr And ought to be
as iauf as they were put in his owcn propre hous
And aUb fuche hooftis ought to hokl feroantes in

The Game of Chefs. \ 35

their houres whiche (liold be trewc and wyth oute
auarice In fuche wife that they coueyte not to
haue the goodes of their gheftes And that they
take not away the prouender fro theyr horfes whan
hyt is gyuen to them/ that by thoccaiion therof
theyr horfis perifshe not ne faylle theyr maifter
whan they haue nede/ and myght falle in the
handes of theyr enemyes/ For than ftiolde the
feruantes becauft of that euyll/ wherfore theyr
maifters ftiold fee to For wyth oute doubte this
thynge is worfe than thefte Hit happend on a
tyme in the parties of lomberdye. in the cyte of
lene y' a noble man was logged in an hoftelerye
wyth moche compaignye/ And whan they had
gyuen prouendour to their horfes/ In the firft cure
of the nyght. the feruant of the hous cam fecretly
to fore y' hories for to ftele away their prouender/
And whan he cam to the lordes hors/ The hors
caught wyth his teth his Arme and helde hit fafte
that he myght not efcape/ And whan the theef
fawe that he was fo ftrongly holden/ he began to
crye for the grete paync that he fufFryd and felte/
In fuche wyfe that the noble mannes meyne cam
with the hoofte/ But in no maner/ ner for ought
they coude doo They coude not take the theef out
of the horfes mouth vnto the tyme that the neygh-
bours whiche were noyed wyth the noyfe cam and
fawe hit/ And than the theef was knowen and
taken and brought to fore the luge And confellid
the feet and by fentence diffinytyf was hanged and
loft his lyf/ And In the fame wyfe was an other
that dyde fo/ And the hors fmotc hym in the

1 36 The Game of Chefs.

vifage/ That the prynte of the horfe fhoo and
nayles abode euer in his vifsigt/ Another was right
cruell and villaynous fylle at tholoufe/ Hit happend
a longe man and his fader wente a pilgremage to
faynt lames in Galyce And were logged in an
hoftelrye of an euyll hooft and full of right grete
couetyfe/ In fo moche that he defired and coueyted
the goodes of the two pilgrimes And here vpon
auyfed hym and put a cuppe of filuer fecretly in
the male that the yonge man bare/ And whan they
departed oute of their loggynge/ he folowed after
hem and fayd to fore the peple of the court that
they had ftolen and bom away his cuppe/ And the
yonge man excuied hym felfe and his fader/ And
fayde they were Innocent of that caas/ And than
they ferchid hem and the cuppe was founden in y*
male of the yonge man And forthwyth he was
dampned to the deth and hanged as a theef/ and
this feet doon all the goodes that langed to the pil-
grym were deliuerid to y* ooft as cofifqued And
than the fader wente for to do his pilgremage/ and
whan he cam agayn he mufte nedes come & pafTe
by the place where his fone henge on the gibet
And as he cam he complaygned to god and to
faynt lames how they might fuffre this auenture to
come vnto his (one/ Anone his ibne that henge
fpack to his fader And fayde how that faynt lames
had kepte hym with out harme And bad his fader
goo to the luge and (hewe to h]rm the myracie/
And how he was Innocent of thot fayte/ And whan
this thynge was knowen the ibne of die pilgryme
was taken down fro y* gibet/ and the caufe was

The Game of Chefs. 137

brought to fore the luge And the hoofte was
accufed of the tray fon/ and he confeflid his trefpaas/
and fayd he dide hit for couetyfe to haue his good
And than the luge dampned hym for to be hanged
on the fame gibet where as the yonge pilgryme was
hanged And that I haue fayd of the feruantes
beynge men/ the fame I faye of the women as
chambriers and tapfters For femblable caas fille in
fpayne at faynt donne of a chamberier/ that put a
cup in lyke wyfe in the fcrippe of a pilgryme/ be
caufe he wold not haue a doo wyth her in the
fynne of lecherye/ wherfore he was hanged And
his fader & moder that were there with hym wente
and dyde her pilgremage/ And whan they cam
agayn they fonde her fone lyuynge/ And than they
wente and told the luge/ whiche luge fayd that he
wolde not byleue hit tyll a cok and an henne which
rofted on the fyre were a lyue & the cok crewe.
And anon they began wexe a lyue & the cok crewe
and began to crowe and to pafture/ and whan the
luge fawe this miracle/ he wente and toke doun the
fbne/ and made the chamberyer to be taken and to
be hanged/ wherfore I faye that the hooftes ought
to hold |io tapfters ne chamberyers/ but yf they
were good meure and honefte/ For many harmes
may be falle and come by the disordenat rewle of
feruantes.

The Seventh chapilre of the thtrde TraState treteth of
kefars of townes cuftomers and lolle gaderers i^c.

HE gardes and kepars of of cytecs ben
fignefied by the .vii. pawn whiche
ftondeth in the lyfte fide to fore the
knyght/ And is formed in the fem-
blance of a man holdynge in his right hande gretc
keyes And in his Hfte hande a potte& an ellc for
to mefure with And ought to haue on hys gurdell
a purfe open/ And by the keyes ben fignefyed the
kepars of the cytees and townes and comyn offices/
And by the potte and elle ben figncfyed them that
haue the charge to weye and mete & mefure truly
And by the purfe ben figncfyed them that refeyue

The Game of Chefs. 139

the coftumes. tolles. fcawage, peages/ and duetes of
the cytees & townes And thyfe peple ben fette by
ryght to fore the knyght/ And hit behoueth that
the gardes and oiFycers of the townes be taught
And enfeygned by the knyghtes/ And that they
knowe and enquyre how y° cytees or townes ben
gouerned/ whiche apperteyneth to be kept and de-
fended by the knyghtes. And firft hit apperteyneth
that the kcpars of the cyte be dilygente. befy. clere
feeynge and louers of the comyn prouffit & wcle/ as
well in the tyme of pees as in the tyme of warre/
They ought ailewaye to goo in the cyte and en-
quyre of all thynges and ought rapporte to the
gouernours of the cyte fuche thynge as they fynde
and knowe And fuche thynge as apperteyneth and
to the feuerte of the fame/ and to denonce and telle
the defaultes and paryls that ther bee/ And yf hit
be in tyme of warre they ought not to open the
yates by nyght to no man/ And fuche men as ben
put in this office/ ought to be of good renome. &
fame, trewe, and of good confcience/ In fuche
maner that they loue them of the Cyte or town/
And that they put to no man ony blame or vilanye
with out caufe by enuye. Couetyie ne by hate/ but
they ought to be fory and heuy whan they fee that
ony man (bold be complayned on for ony caufe.
For hit happeth ofte tymes that diuerce officers
accufe the good peple fraudulently/ To thende
that they myght haue a thanke & be preyfcd and
to abide ftille in theyr offices And trewly hit is a
gretc and hye maner of malycc to be in will to doo
euyll and diffame other wyth oute caufe to getc

1 40 The Game of Chefs.

glorie to hymfelf Alfo the kepars and officers of
cytees ought to be fuche that they fuffre no
wronges ne vylonyes to fore the luges and gouer-
nours of cytees wyth out caufe to be doon to them
that ben Innocents/ but they ought to haue thcyr
eyen and regarde vnto hym/ that knoweth the
hertes and thoughtes of alle men/ And they ought
to drede & doubte hym wyth oute whos grace theyr
wacche and kepynge is nought And that promy-
feth to them that doubte hym fhall be ewrous &
happy/ And by hym ben alle thynges accomplif-
fhid in good/ Hit is founden in the hiftoryes of
rome that Temperour Frederik the (econde dide do
make a gate of marble of meruayllous werke and
entayll in the cy te of capnane vpon the watre that
renneth aboute the fame/ and vpon this yate he
made an ymage lyke hymfelf fittynge in his magefte/
and two luges whiche were fette/ one on the right
fide and that other on the lifte fide. And vpon the
fercle aboue the hede of the luge on y* ryght fide
was wreton/ Alle they entre feurly that will liue
purely/ And vpon the fercle of the luge on the
lifte fide was wreton The vntrewe man ought to
doubte/ to doo thynge that he be put to prifbn
fore/ and on the fercle aboue thempour was wre-
ton/ I make them live in mifery/ that I fee lyue
difmcfurably/ And thcrfore hit apperteyneth to a
luge to fhewe to the peple for to drede and doubte
to doo eyull/ And hit apperteyneth to the gardes
and officers to doubte the luges and to do trewly
their feruyces and offices And hit apperteyneth to
a prynce to menace the traytours and the male-

I'he Game of Chefs. 141

faAours of right greuous paynes. And herof we
fynde in the auncyent hiftoryes of cecylle that the
kynge denys had a broder whom he louyd fore
well/ But allway where he wente he made heuy
and tryfte femblant/ And thus as they wente bothe
to gyder on a tyme in a chare/ ther cam agayn hem
two poure men wyth glad vifage but in foule
habite/ And y* kynge anon as he fawe them/
{prange out of his chare and reffeyuyd them wor-
fhipfuUy with grete reuerence/ wherfore his barons
were not only ameruaylled but alfo angry in their
corages/ notwithftandynge fere and drede letted
them to demande hym the caufe/ But they made
his broder to demande the caufe and to Icnowe the
certaynte/ And whan he had herde his broder faye
to hym the demande/ and that he was bleflyd &
alio a kynge whiche was ryche and full of delites &
worfhipis/ he demanded hym yf he wold aflaye &
knowe the grace and beneurte of a kynge And
his broder anfwerd ye/ And that^he defired and
requyred hit of hym/ and than the kinge comanded
vnto alle his fugettis that they fhold obeye in alle
thynges only vnto his broder And than whan the
cure of dyner cam and alle thynge was redy/ the
broder was fette at the table of the kynge And
whan he fawe that he was feruyd wyth right noble
botelliers and other officers. And he herde the
fownes of muficque right melodious The kynge
demanded hym than/ yf he fuppofid y* he were
benerous and bleffid. And he anfwerd I wene well
that I am right well bleffid and fortunat/ and that
I haue well proued and fele and am expert therof

1 42 ^he Game of Chefs.

And than the kynge fecretly made to be hanged
ouer his heed a fharp cuttynge fwerde hangynge by
an hors heer or a filken threde fo finall that no man
myght fee hit where by hit henge/ and whan he
fawe his broder put no more his hand to the table/
ne had no more regarde vnto his ieruantes/ he iayd
to hym why ete ye not/ ar ye not bleffid/ faye yf
ye fele ony thynge otherwyfe than bleffid and well/
And he anfwerde for as moche as I fee this (harp
fwerde hangynge fo fubtilly and parilloufly ouer my
hede I fele well that I am not bleflid for I drede
that hit fhold falle on my hede/ and than difcouerd
the kynge vnto hem alle wherfore he was allway
fo heuy cherid and trifte For where he was/ he
thought alleway on the fwerde of the fecrete ven-
geance of god/ whiche he behelde alleway in his
herte/ wherfore he had all way in hymfelf grete
drede And therfore he worfhipid gladly the poure
peple wyth glad vifage and good confcience And
by this (heweth4he kynge well/ that what man that
is all way in drede is not all way mery or bleffid.
And herof fayth Quyntilian that this drede furmoun-
teth alle other maleurtecs and euyllys/ For it is ma-
leurte of drede nyght and day/ And it is verite that
to hym that Is doubtid of moche peple/ fo mufte he
doubte moche/ And that lord is laffe than hys ier-
uantes that dredeth hys feruantes/ And truly hit Is a
ryght fure thynge to drede no thinge but god/ And
fumtyme right hardy men ben conilrayned to lyue in
drede/ Drede caufeth a man to be curyous and befy
to kepe the thynges that ben commyfed to hym that
they perifshe not/ But to be to moche hardy & to

7he Game of Chefs. 143

moche ferdfull/ bothe two ben vices The comyn
officers ought to be wife, difcrete. and well aduyfed
in fuche wyfe that they take not of y' peple ne re-
quyre no more than they ought to haue by refon/ ne
that they take of the fellars ne of the byars no more
than the right cuftom and toll/ for they here the
name of a comun pfone/ and therfore ought they
to fhewe them comune to all men/ and for as moche
as the byars and fellars haue fomtyme moche Ian-
gage/ they ought to haue with them thefe vertues/
that is to wete pacience and good corage with
honefte/ for they that ben defpiteus to the comun/
ben otherwhile had in vilayns defpite/ therfore be-
ware y' thou haue no defpite to the poure mendi-
cants/ yf thou wilt come and atteyne to thingis
fouerayn/ for the Iniurye that is don wyth oute
caufe/ torneth to diffame hym that doth hit/ A
logheler on a tyme beheld focrates and feyd to
hym/ thou haft the eyen of corrumpour of children
& art as a traytre. And whan his difciples herde
hym/ they wold auengid their mairter/ But he
repreuyd hem by fuche fentence faynge/ SufFre my
felaws for I am he and fuche one as he faith/ by the
fight of my vifage/ Bui I refraync and kepe me
well from fuche thynge/ This fame focrates hym-
felf was chidde and right fowll fpoken to of his
wyf/ and flie Impofid to hym many grete Iniuries
with out nombre/ and (he was in a place a boue
oucr his heed And whan ftie had brawlid I nowh/
ftie made her watre and pourid hit on his heed
And he anfwerd to here no thynge agayn/ faufwhan
he had dryed and wypid his heed he faid/ he knewe

J 44 The Game of Chefs.

well that after fuche wynde and thonder fholdc
comen rayn and watre And the philofbphres blamed
hym that he coude notgouerne two women/ that was
his wyf and his chambrere/ And fhewde hym that
one coklce gouerned well .xv. hennes He anfwerd to
them that he was fo vfed and accuftomed wyth
theyr chydynge that the chydynges of them ne of
eftrangers dyde hym no greef ne harme/ gyue thou
place to hym that brawleth or chydeth/ and in
fufFrynge hym thou fhalt be his vaynquyfehour/
And Cathon fayth whan thou lyuyft ryghtfuUy
recche the not of the wordes of euyll peple/ And
therfore it is fayd in a comyn prouerbe/ he that well
doth reccheth not who feeth hit/ & hit is not in our
power to lette men to fpeke. And profper fayth
that to good men lacketh no goodncs/ ncr to euyll
men tencions ftryfs and blames And pacience is a
ryght noble vertu/ as a noble verfifier fayth That
pacience is a ryght noble maner to vaynquyfshe.
For he that fufFreth ouercometh. And yf thou
wylt vaynquyfshe and ouercome/ lerne to fuffre/
The peagers ner they that kepe paflages ought not
to take other peage ne paflage money but fuche as
the prynce or the lawe haue eftablifshid/ fo that they
be not more robbeurs of money e than refeyuours of
peage and paflage And hit apperteyneth to them
to goo out of the paryllo^ weyes and doubteuous
for to kepe their office and they ought to Requyre
theyr paflage of them that owe to paye hit wyth
oute noynge and contencion/ And they ought not
to loue the comyn prouflpyt fo moche/ That they
falle in the hurtynge of theyr confcience/ For that

T^he Game of Chefs. 1 45

(hold be a manere of robberye And herof fayth
yfaye Woo to the that robbeft/ For thou thy felf
fhalt be robbed/ The gardes or porters of the gates
of cytees and of the comyn good ought to be good
and honefte. And alle trouthe ought to be in
them and they ought not to take ne withdrawe the
goodes of the comyn that they haue in kepynge/
more than apperteyneth to them for theyr penfion
or ffee/ So that they that ben made treforers and
kepars ben not named theuys/ For who that taketh
more than his/ He fhall neuer thryue wyth alle/
ner (hall not enioye hit longe/ For of euyll gooten
good the thyrde heyr fhall neuer reioyce/ And
this fuffifith &c.

1 48 l^he Game of Chefs.

that by no neceflite they falle in pouerte/ And that
they be not conftrayned to begge ne toftele of other
men For he faith that hit is gretter fubtilte to kepe
well his owne goodes/ than to fynde ftrange thyngc/
and that it is gretter vertue to kepe that is goten
than to gete and wynne more/ and claudian fiuth
in like wife in his book that hit is a gretter thynge
& better to kepe that is goten Than to gete more
And therfore hit is fayd y* the poure demandeth
and beggeth er he felith/ and alfo hit is fayd that he
y* difpendith more than he hath/ with oute ftrook
he is fmyten to the deth/ Ther was a noble man
named lohn de ganazath whiche was ryght ryche/
And this man had but two doughters whom he
maryed to two noble men/ And whan he had
maryed them/ he loued fo well his fones in lawe
their huibondes/ that in fpace & fucceffion of tyme/
he departed to them alle his goodes temporell/ And
as longe as he gaf to them they obeyed hym &
were right diligent to plefe and ferue hym/ fo hit
befell that on a tyme that he had alle gyuen in (b
moche that he had ryght nought/ Than hit
happend that they to whom he had gyuen his
goodes/ whiche were wonte to be amyable & obeyf-
fant to hym as longe as he gaf. Whan tyme cam
that he was poure and knewe that he had not they
becam unkynde Difagreable and difobeyflant/ And
whan the fader fawe that he was deceyuyd by his
debonayrte and loue of his doughters/ He deHred
and couetyed fore tefchewe his pouerte/ At lafte
he wente to a marchant that he knewe of olde tyme.
And requy red hym to lene to hym . x . thoufand

The Game of Chefs. 1 49

pound for to paye and rendre agayn wyth in thre
dayes/ And he lente hit hym/ and whan he had
brought hit in to his hows/ Hit happend that hit
was a day of a iblempne fefte/ on whiche daye he
gaf to his doughters and her hufbonde a right noble
dyner/ and after dyner he eiitrid in to his chambre
fecretly wyth them/ And drewe out of a cofFre
that he had do make all newe fhettynge with iii.
lockis/ the menoye that the marchant had lente
hym And poured out vpon a tapyte that his
doughtres and theyr hufbondes myght fee hit/ And
whan he had (hewid hit vnto them he put hit vp
agayn and put hit in to the chefte faynynge that
hit had ben all his And whan they were departed
he bare the money home to the marchant that he
had borowed hit of/ And the next day after his
doughters and theyre hufbondes Axid of hym
how moche moneye was in the chefte that was fhette
wyth . iii . lockis/ And than he fayned and faide
that he had therein . xxv • thoufand pound/ whiche
he kepte for to make his teftament and for to leue
to his doughters and hem/ yf they wolde here hem
as well to hym ward as they dyde whan they were
maried/ And than whan they herde that/ they
were right loyous and glad And they thoughte
and concluded to ferue hym honorably as well in
clothynge as in mete and drynke & of alle other
thynges neceflarye to hym vnto his ende And after
this whan the ende of hym began tapproche/ he
callyd his doughters and her huflx)ndes and fayd to
hem in thys mauere/ ye fhall vnderftande that the
moneye that is in the cheft fhette vnder . iii . lockes

1 50 l^he Game of Chefs.

I wylle leue to yow Sanyngc I wyll that ye gyue
in my prefence er I dye whilis I lyue to the frere
prechours . C . pound and to the frere menours . C .
pound/ And to the heremytes of faynt Auguftyn
. 1 . pound to thende that whan I am buryed and
put in the erthe ye may demande of them the keyes
of y* chefte where my trefour is Inne/ whiche keyes
they kepe/ and I haue put on eche keye a bille &
writynge In witneffinge of the thynges aboue£iyd/
And alio ye fhall vnderftande that he dyde do to be
gyuen whilis he laye in his deth bedde to eche
churche and reclufe and to poure peple a certayn
quantyte of moneye by the handes of his doughters
hufbondes/ whiche they dyde gladly. In hope to
haue fhortly the money that they fuppoiid had ben
in the chefte/ And whan hit cam to the laft day/
that he deyde/ He was bom to churche and his
exequye don and was buryed foiempnly/ And the
eyght daye the ieruyfe worihipfully accomplifshid/
They wente for to demande the keyes of the Reli-
gious men that diey had kept/ whiche were de>
liueryd to them/ And than they wente and opend
the coflfre where they fuppofid the money had ben
Inne/ And there they fbnde no tbyng but a grete
dubbe/ And on the the handlynge was wreton/
J lohn of ranazath make this tcftament/ that he
be flayn wyth diis dubbe/ that leayth lus own
prouffit And gyuyth hit to other/ as who ikyth
hit is no wyfedom for a man to gyue his good to
his children and kepe none fin* hym Idf/ And ye
(hall vnderftande that it is gr e te folye to di^)ciide
and wafte his good,' In hope fin* to recoure hit of

The Game of Chefs. 1 5 1

other/ be hit of fone or doughter or ryght nyghe
kyn/ For aman ought to kepe in his hande in dif-
pendynge his owen goodes/ to fore he fee that he
dyfpende other mcnnys/ And he ought not to be
holden for a good man/ That hath lityll renome
and fpendeth many thyngys/ And I trowe that fuche
perfones wold gladly make noucltees as for to noye
and greue feignories and meue warres and tendons
agaynft them that habounde in rychefTes and
goodes/ And alfb make extorcyons clamours &
trybulacyons aycnft theyr lordes to thende to wafte
the goodes of the peple. lyke as they haue wafted
theyris And fuche a waftour of goodes may neuer
be good for the comyn prouffit. And ye (hall
vnderftande that after thefe waftours of goodes we
faye that the pleyars of dyfe and they that vfe bor-
dellis ben worft of alle other For whan the hete of
playnge at the dyfe/ And the couetyfe of theyr
ftynkynge lecherye hath brought hem to poucrte/
hit foloweth by force that they mufte ben theuys
and robbeurs And alio dronkenfhip. glotonye.
And alle maner of euyllis folowe them and myC-
chief/ And they folowe gladly the companyes of
knyghtes and of noble men whan they goon vnto
the warre or batayllis And they coueyte not fo
moche the viftorye as they do the robberie And
they do moche harme as they goo And they brynge
lityll gayn or wynnynge/ wherof hit happend on a
tyme that (aynt bemard rode on an hors aboute in
the contrey And mette wyth an haiardour or dyfe-
player/ whiche fayd to hym/ thou goddes man wilte
thou playe at dyfe wyth me thyn hors ayenft my

152 The Game of Chefs.

fowle/ to whom faynt Bernard anfwerd/ yf thou
wilt oblige thy fowle to me ayenft my hors/ I woUe
a lighte doun & playe wyth the/ and yf thou haue
mo poyntes than I on thre dyfe I promyfe the thou
(halt haue myn hors/ And than he was glad/ and
anon cafte . iii . dyfe/ And on cchc dyfe was a fyfe/
whiche made . xviii . poynts And anone he toke the
hors by the brydell/ as he that was iewr that he
had wonne/ and faid that the hors was his And
than faynt Bernard fayde abyde my (one For ther
ben mo poyntes on the dyfe than . xviii . And than
he cafte the dyfe/ In fuche wyfe that one of the . iii .
dyfe clefte a fonder in the myddes/ And on that
one parte was fyfe and on that other an Aas/ And
eche of that other was a fyfe/ And than Saynt
Bernard fayde That he had wonne hys ibwle for as
moche as he had cafte on thre dyfe . nx . points/
And than whan thys player fawe and apperceyuyd
thys myracle/ He gaf hys ibwle to faynt Bernard
and be cam a monke and finyfshid his lyf in good
werkes/ The corrours and berars of lettres ought
haftely and fpedily do her viage that comanded
hem/ with oute taryenge/ For their taryenge might
noye and greue them that fende hem forth/ or ellis
them to whom they ben fent too/ And tome hem
to ryght grete domage or villonye/ for whiche
caufe euery noble man ought well to take hede to
whom he deliuere his lettres and his mandements/
and otherwhilis iuche peple ben loghelers & dron-
kelewe/ And goon out of their waye for to fee ab-
bayes and noble men for to haue auantage And hit
happeth ofte tymes/ that whan fuche meflfagers or

T^he Game of Chefs. ^ 5 3

currours ben enpefshid by ony taryenge/ That
other currours here lettres contrarye to his/ And
come to fore hym/ of which thinges ofte tymes
cometh many thinges difcouenable of lofle of frendes
of caftellys & of lande & many other thinges as in
the feet of marchandife &c. And otherwhile hit
happeth that a prynce for the faulte of fuche mef-
fangers Icfeth to haue viftorye vpon hys enemyes/
And alfo ther ben fome that whan they come in a
cyte where they haue not ben to fore/ that ben
more befy to vifyte the Cyte and the noble men
that dwelle theryn/ Than they ben to doo thcyr
voyage/ whyche thynge they ought not to doo/
But yf they had fpecyall charge of them that fente
hem forth fo to doo. And alfo whan they be fente
forth of ony lordes or marchauntes they ought to
be well ware/ that they charge hem not wyth ouer
moche mete on morenynges ne with to moche wyn
on cucnynges/ wherby her fynewis and vaynes
myght be greuyd/ that they mufte for faute of
good rewle taryc But they ought to goo and come
haftely for to reporte to their maiftres anlwers as
hit apperteyneth And this fufEfen of the thynges
aboue fayd.

•.ffiv

wmn

BOOK IV.

^

T^e fourth tra^ate ^ the taft of the frogreffton and

draughtei of the forjayd playe of the chejje.
Thefirjl chaps tre of the fourth traSale of the chejfe
• in genere how it is made.

jlE haue deuifed aboue the th'inges that
\ apperteyne vnto the formes of the
chelTe men and of theyr offices/ that is
to wete as well of noble men as of the
comyn pcple/ than hit apperteyneth that we {hold
dcuyfe fliortly how they ylTue and goon oute of the
places where they be fette/ And firft we ought to
ipeke of the forme and of the facion of the chequer
after that hit reprefcnteth and was made after/ For
hyt was made after the forme of the cyte of Baby-

158 T^he Game of Chefs.

loync/ In the whiche this fame playc was foundcn
as hit is fayd afore/ And fourc thinges The firft
is/ wher ye (hal vnderftande that ye ought to con-
iydere here in fore that . Ijdiii . poyntes ben fette in
the efchequer whiche ben alle iquare/ The ieconde
is wherfore the bordeur aboute his hyher than the
iquarenes of the poyntes/ The thirde is wherfore
the comyn peple ben fette to fore the nobles/ The
fourthe wherfore the nobles and the peples ben fette
in their propre places Ther ben as many poyntes in
y* efchequer wyde as full And ye (hall firft vnder-
ftande wherfore that ther ben . Ixiiii . pbyntes in the
efchequer/ For as the bleffid faint Iherome faith/
the cyte of babilone was right grete and was made
alle fquare/ and in euery quarter was . xvi . myle by
nombf e and mefure/ the whiche nombre foure tymes
told was . Ixiiii . myles/ After the maner of lom-
bardye they be callid myles/ and in france leuk^/
and in englong they be callid my lis alfo/ And for
to reprefente the mefure of thys cyte/ In whiche
thys playe or game was foimden/ The philofopher
that fonde hit firft ordeyned a tablier conteynyng
.. Ixiiii . poynts fquare/ the which ben comprifed
wyth in the bordour of the tablier/ ther ben xxxii .
on that on fide & . xxxii . on that other whiche ben
ordeyned for the beaulte of the playe/ and for to
fliewe the maner & drawynge of the chefl!e as hit
fiiall appere in the chapitres folowynge/ and as to
the feconde/ wherfore y' bordour of thefchequyer
is hyher than the table wyth in. hit is to be vn-
derfiiande y' the bordour aboute reprefenteth the
walle of y* cyte/ whiche is right hyghe/ And ther-

The Game of Chefs. 159

for made y' philofopher the bordour more hyghe
than y' tablier And as y' blelTid faint Iherome
faith vpon y' prophefie of yfaye/ that is to wete
vpon a montayne of obfcurete. whiche wordes were
faid of babilone whiche ftandeth in chaldee and no-
thinge of that babilone that ftondeth in egipte/ for it
is (b y' babilone whiche ftandeth in chaldee was fette
in a right grete playne/ & had fo hyghe walles that
by the heyghte of them/ was contynuei! derkenes
environed & obicurete/ that none erthely man might
beholde and fee the ende of y' hyghnes of the walle/
And therfore yfaye callid hit y" montaigneobfcure/
And faint Iherome lay th y' the mefure of the heyght
of this walle was thre thoufand paas/ whiche exten-
deth vnto y* lengthe of thre myle lombardes/ hit is
to wete that lombarde mylis and englifh myles ben of
one lengthe And in one of the corners of this cyte
was made a toure treangle as a {helde wherof the
heyght extended vnto the lengthe of . vii . thoufand
paas/ whiche is . vii . myle englifti And this tour
was callyd the tour of Babell/ The walles aboute
the tour made a woman whos name was femiranus
as fayth virgilius/ As to the thirde wherfore the
comyn peple ben fette to fore the nobles in the
felde of the batayllc in one renge Firft for as moche
as they ben neceffarye to alle nobles For the rooke
whiche ftandeth on the ryght fyde and is vicaire of
the kynge what may he doo yf the labourer were
not fette to fore hym and labourid to mynyftre to
hym fuche temporell thynges as be neceftary for
hym/ And what may the knyght doo yf he ne
had to fore hym the fmyth for to forge his armours.

1 60 TAe Game of Chefs.

iadellis. axis and (pores and fuche thynges as apper-
teyneth to hym/ And what is a knyght worth
wyth oute hors and armes/ certaynly nothynge
more than on of the peple or lafle pauenture And
in what maner (hold the nobles lyuc yf no man
made cloth and bought and iblde marchandyfe/
And what fhulde kynges and quenes and the other
lordes dob yf they had no phificyens ne cyrurgiens/
than I faye that the peple ben the glorye of the
Crowne And fufteyne. the lyf of the nobles And
therfore thou that art a lord or a noble man or
knyght/ defpife not the comyn peple for as moche
as they ben fette to fore the in y* pleye The
ieconde cauie is why the peple ben fette to fore the
nobles and haue the table wyde to fore them/ is be
caufe they begyn the bataylle/ They ought to take
hede and entende to do theyr offices and theyr
craftes/ In fuche wyfe that they- fuffre the noble
men to gouerne the cytees and to counceylle and
make ordenances of the peple of the batayll how
(hold a labourer a plowman or a crafty man coun-
ceylle and make ordenance of fuche thynges as he
neuer lerned/ And wote ne knoweth the mater
vpon what thynge the counceylle ought to be taken/
Certes the comyn peple ought not to entende to
none other thynge but for to do their feruy(e and
the office whiche is couenable vnto hem/ And hyt
apperteyneth not to hem to be of counceyllys ne at
the aduocacions/ ne to menace ne to threte noman/
for ofte tymes by menaces and by force good coun-
ceylle is diftroublid/ And where good counceyll
faylleth/ there ofte tymes the cytees ben betrayed

The Game of Chefs. i6i

and deftroyed/ And Plato fayth That the comyn
thynges and the cytees ben bleffid whan they ben
gouemed by wyfe men/ or whan the gouernours
ftudye in wifedom/ And fo hit apperteyneth to
the comyn to lerne to vttre the maters & the maner
of procuracion to fore they be counceyllours/ For
hit happeth oftetymes that he that maketh hym
wyler that he vnderftandeth is made more foole than
he is/ And the fourth caufe wherfore y' ther ben
in the tabler as many poynts wyde as ben full, hit
is to wete for that they what euer they be that hauc
peple to gouerne/ ought tenforce to haue cytees &
cafteilis & poffeffions for to fette his peple theryn/
And for to laboure & doo their ocupacion/ For
for to haue the name of a kynge with out royame
is a name voyde/ and honour with oute prouffit/
And alle noblefie wyth oute good maners/ and
with out fuche thinges as noblefle may be mayn-
tenyd/ ought better be callid folye than noblefle.
And fliamefull pouerte is the more greuous whan
hit Cometh by nature of an hyhe and noble burth
or hous. For noman gladly wole repreue a poure
man of the comyn peple/ But euery man hath in
defpite a noble man that is poure yf he haue not in
hym good maners and vertuous/ by whiche his
pouerte is forgoten/ and truly a royame with oute
haboundance of goodes by whiche hit may be
gouerned and profpere/ may better be callyd a
latrocynye or a neft of theeuys than a royame/
Alas what haboundance was fome tymes in the
royames. And what profpite/ In whiche was luf-
tice/ And euery man in his office contcnte/ how

i62 The Game of Chefs.

ftood the cytecs that tymc in worftiip and renome/
how was renomed the noble royame of Englond
AUe the world dredde lut And (pack worfhip of
hit/ how hit now ftandeth and '*n what haboundance
I reporte me to them that knowe hit yf ther ben
theeuis wyth in the royame or on the fee/ they
knowe that laboure in the royame And iayle
on the fee I wote well the fame is grete therof I
pray god iaue that noble royame And iende good
true and politicque coimceyllours to the gouemours
of the fame &c./ And noblefle of lignage wyth
oute puyflance and might is but vanyte and defpite.
And hit is fo as we haue fayd to fore that thefche-
quer whiche the philoibpher ordejmed repreiented
and figured the fiiyd cyte of Babilone And in lyke
wyfe may hit figure a royame and fignefye alle the
world And yf men r^arde and take heed vnto
the poyntes vnto the middes of euery quadrante
and ib to double euery quadrant to other the myks of
this cyte all way doublinge vnto the nomlnv of.
bdiiL The nombre of the fame fhukle furmounte
alle the world/ And not only the world but many
w(M*kles by the doublinge of mylis/ wUche doublinge
ib as a fore is £iyd fhuld furmounte alle thynges/
And thus endeth the firfl du^ttre <^ the fourth
booke.

Thejeconde chapilre of the fourth [raSlale tretsth of
the draught of the kyngej And how be meuyth hym
in the cfiequer.

SE ought to kiiowe that in this world/
the kynges feygnourye and regiie eche
I in his royame. And in this playe we
ought to knowe by the nature of hit
how the kynge meueth hym and ylTueth oute of
his place/ For ye (hall vnderftande that he is fette
in the fourth quadrante or poynt of thefchequer.
And whan he is black/ he ftandeth in the white/
and the knyght on his ryght fide in white/ And
the Alphyn and the rooke in black/ And on the
lifte fide the foure holden the places oppofite/ And

1 64 T^he Game of Chefs.

the rayfon may be fuche/ For be caufe that the
knyghtes ben the glorye & the crowne of the kyngc/
They enfiewe in femblable refidence/ that they doo
whan they ben fette femblably on the ryght fide of
the kynge & on the lyfte fide of the quene/ And
for as moche as the rook on the ryght iyde is
vicayre of the kynge he accompanyeth the quene
in iemblable fiege that the Alphyn doth whiche is
luge of the kynge/ And in lyke wyfc the lifte rook
& the lyfte Alphyn accompanye the kynge in iem-
blable fiege/ In fuche wyie as they ben iette aboute
the kynge in bothe fides wyth the Quene in manere
of a crowne/ That they may feurely kcpe the
royame that reluyfeth and fhyneth in the kynge
and in the Quene/ In fiiche wyie as they may con-
ferme and difiende hym in theyr fieges and in theyr
places. And the more haftily renne vpon lus enemyes
And for as moche as the luge, the knyght/ and die
viodre. kepe and gamyishe the kynge on diat one
fyde/ They that ben fette on the other fyde kepe
the Quene/ And thus kepe they alle the ftrength
and fermete of the royame/ And iemblably other-
while for to ordeyne the thynges diat appei tey n e to
the counceyU/ and to the befoygne of the royame/
For yf eche man (hold entende to his owen proper
thynges/ And y* diey defended not ner tokc hede
vnto the thingis y* a{^)erteyncn to the kynge to die
comyn and to die roj^mcf the royalme fhcid anon
be deluded in parties And thus myght the luge
regne' And die name of the dignyte royall Oicid
be loft/ And trtdy for as moche as the kyi^
hokkth the cfignyte abooe alle odicr and die

The Game of Chefs. 165

feygnourye royall/ therfore hit apperteyncth not
that he abfente hym longe/ ne wythdrawe hym
ferre by fpace of tyme from the maifter iiege of his
royame/ For whan he wele meue hym/ he ought
not to pafTe at the firft draught the nombre of. iii.
poynts/ And whan he begynneth thus to meue from
his whyt poynt/ he hath the nature of the rooks of
the right fyde and of the hfte fyde for to goo black
or whithe/ And alfo he may goo vnto the white
poynt where the gardes of the Cyte ben fette And
in this poynt he hath the nature of a knyght. And
thy fe two maners of meuynge apperteyneth other-
while to the quene/ and for as moche as the kynge
and the quene that ben conioyned to geder by
mariage ben one thynge as one flefsh and blood/
therfore may the kynge meue on the hfte fide of
his propre poynt alfb wele as he were fette in the
place of the quene whiche is black/ and whan he
goth right in maner of the rook only/ And hit
happen that the aduerfarie be not couered in ony
poynt in the (econde ligne/ The kynge may not
pafle from his black poynt vnto the thirde ligne/
And thus he fortifith the nature of the rook on the
ryght fyde and lyfte fyde vnto the place of the
knyghtes and for to goo ryght to fore In to the
whyte poynt to fore the marchant/ And the kynge
alfo Ibrtyft the nature of the knyghtes whan he
goth on the ryght fyde in two maners/ For he may
put hym in the voyde fpace to fore the phificyen/
And in the black fpace to fore the tauerner/ And
on the other fide he goth in to other two places in
tyk wife that is to fore the fmyth/ and the notarye/

1 66 T^he Game of Chefs.

And thus as in goyngeout firft in to • iiii . poynts
he fortcth the nature of knyghtes/ and alfo the
kynge fortifeth the nature of the alphins at his firft
yflu in to • ii . places And he may goo on bothe
fides vnto the white place voyde/ that one to fore
y* froith on that on fide/ and that other to for the
tauemer on that other fide/ All thefe yflues hath
y* kyng out of his propre place of his owen vertue
whan he begynneth to meue. But whan he is ones
meuyd fro his propre place/ He may not meue but
in to one {pace or poynt/ and {o from one to an
other/ And than he ibrtifeth the nature of the
comyn peple/ and thus by good right he hath in
hymfelf the nature of alle/ For alle the vertue that
is in the membres cometh of the heed and all
meuyng of the body/ The begynnynge & lyf
comen firom the herte/ And all the dignyte that
the fiil^ettes haue by execucion/ and contynuell
apparence of their meuynge & yflTue/ The kynge
deteyneth hit & is attribued to hym/ the viAorye
of the knightes/ the prudence of y* luges/ the
auAorite of the vicaires or l^ates The cdtynence
of the qucne/ the cdoMxle & vnytc of y* peple
Ben not all thiie thinges afcribed vnto the honour
and worfhip of the kynge Jn his yflue whan he
meuyd firft The tlurde ligne to fore die peple he
neuer excedeth/ Fro in the . iii . nombre alle maner
of fhues begynne to meue For the trynary nomlMie
conteyneth . iii . parties/ whiche make a perfeft
nombre/ Fck* a trynarye nombre hath. i. ii. iii.
Whiche loyned to geder maken. vi. Whiche is the
firft parfyt nombre And fignefieth in this [Jace/ vi.

The Game of Chefs. 167

peribnes named that conftitute the pfeftion of a roy-
ame That is to wete the kynge. the quene. luges.
knyghtes. the vicaires or legats/ and the comyn
pcple And therfor the kynge ought to begynne in
his firft meuynge of . lii . poyntes/ that he (hewe
perfeftion of lyf as well in hym felf as in other
After that the kynge begynneth to meue he may
lede wyth hym the quene/ after the maner of his
yiTue For why the quene foloweth vnto two angu-
larye places/ after the maner of the alphyn/ and to
a place indireft in the maner of a rook in to the
black poynt to fore the phificien/ herin is fignefied
that the women may not meue neyther make vowes
of pylgremage ner of viage wythoutc the wyllc of
theyr hufbondes/ For yf a woman had a vowed
ony thynge/ her hulbonde lyuynge/ and agayn-
faynge/ fhe may not yelde ne accomplifshe her
vowe/ yf the hulbond wyll goo oughwer, he may
wellgoo wyth oute her And yf fo be that the huJbond
wyl] haue her wyth hym/ Jhe is bounden to folowe
hym/ And by refon For a man is the heed of a
woman/ and not econuerib/ For as to fuche thingis
as longe to patrymony/ they ben lyke/ but the man
hath power ouer her body/ And fo hath not the
woman ouer his And therfore whan the kynge be-
gynneth to meue. the Qjienc may folowe/ And not
alleway whan ftie meuyd it is no nede the kynge to
meue/ For why four the firfl: lignes be with in the
limytes and fpace of the royame/ And vnto the
thirde poynt the kynge may meue at his firft
meuynge out of his propre place/ And whan he
paflith the fourth Ugne he goeth oute of his royame.

afl The Game of Chefs

pide qqh poynt late hym beware/ For

kpige Is acountcd moie than a

For wlian he cxpofeth hym

faanrflc Hk is neceflarye that

ftrly For yf he be taken

vp/ Alk the

alle Is fynyishid

he boh node to goo and

^ KUiMi, he may not meue

tpA OKuvii^e but where

or on that

\j He may

]^i^e nerrer

tbekynges

ayghe that

ibierre

heisfiiie/ Andtfaan

K^ BDraag^ to y* ex*

acoag^ to take hede tbt lie

JBnrgju: «* an ochtr fiidi chck

^cwk. Thttkyngen

^XTin to wfaooi lus Auc-

wbo mar doo die

▼f be be priuyd taken ordede/

or jJe che royaxne hefliallbere

MC \» iheoe in a cyte'' And

taerrji l»i rakm in capdnite

The Jecottde chapiter of the fourth book of the quent
V fhe yjfutth oute of her place.

HHAN the Quene whiche is accompa-
I nyed vnto the kynge begynneth to
meue from her propre place/ She goth
I in dowble mancre/ that is to wete as
an Alphyn whan flie is black/ Jhe may goo on the
ryght fyde & come in to the poynt to fore the
notarye And on the lifte fyde in the black poynt
and come to fore the gardees of the cyte And hit
is to wete that (he fortifeth in her felf the nature in
.iii. maners firft on the ryght fyde to fore the
alphyn/ Secondly on the lifte fyde where the knyght
is/ And thirdly indireftly vnto the black poynt to

k

1 70 The Game of Chefs.

fore the phificyen And the rayfon why. Is for
as moche as flie hath in her felf by grace/ the aufto-
rite that the rooks haue by comyfcion/ For ihe
may gyue & graute many thyngcs to her fubgetts
gracioufly And thus alfo ought (he to haue pariyt
wifcdom/ as the ajphyns haue whiche ben luges/ as
hit fayd aboue in the chapitre of the Quene/ And
fhe hath not the nature of knyghtes/ And hit is not
fittynge ne couenable thynge for a woman to goo
to bataylle for the fragilite and feblenes of her/
And therfore holdeth (he not the waye in her
draught as the knyghtes doon/ And whan (he is
meuyd ones oute of her place (he may not goo but
fro oon poynt to an other and yet comerly whether
hit be foreward or backward takynge or to be
taken/ And here may be axid why the quene goth
to the bataylle wyth the kynge/ certainly it is for
the Iblace of hym/ and oftencion of loue/ And al(b
the pcple defirc to haue fuceflion of the kynge And
therfore the tartaris haue their wyues in to the felde
with hem/ yet hit is not good that men haue theyr
wyuys with hem/ but that they abyde in the cytees
or within their owne termes/ For whan they ben
oute of theyr cytees and limytcs they ben not fure/
but holden fufpede/ they (hold be (hamfaft and
hold alle men fufpe^/ For dyna Jacob's doughter
as longe as (he was in the hows of her brethern/
Ihe kept her virginite/ But a(Tbne as (he wcnte for
to fee tiie ftrange Regyons. Anone (he was (irrupt
and defowled of the fone of (ichem/ Seneca fayth
that the women that haue euyll vi(agcs ben gladly
not chafte/ but theyr coragc de(ireth gladly the

l^he Game of Chefs. 171

companye of men/ And Solynus- faith that no
beftes femellys defyre to be towched of theyr males
whan they haue conceyuyd/ Exept woman whyche
ought to be a beft Rayfonable/ And in thys caas
fhe lefeth her rayibn/ And Sidrac wythnefTeth the
fame And therfore in the olde lawe/ the faders
hadd dy uerce wyues and Ancellys to thende* whan
one was wyth childe/ they myght take another/
They ought to haue the vifage enclyned for tefchewc
the fight of the men/ that by the fight they be not
meuyd with Incontynence and dif&me of other/
And Ouyde iayth that ther ben fome That how
well that they efchewe the dede/ yet haue they
grete Joye whan they ben prayed/ And therfore
ought the good women flee the curyofitees and
places wher they myght falle in blame and noyfe of
the peple.

The fourth chapitre of the fourth book Is of the
yjfuynge of the Alfhyn.

I HE manere and nature of the draught
of the Alphyn is fuche/ that he that is
black in his propre fiege is fettc on the
right fide of the Icynge/ And he that
iswhyt is fette on the lifte fide/ And ben callyd and
named black and white/ But for no caufe that they
be (b in fubftance of her propre colour/ But for the
colour of the places in whiche they ben fette/ And
alleway be they black or white/ whan they ben fette
in theyr places/ the alphyn on the ryght fyde/
goynge oute of his place to the ryght fydeward
comyth to fore the labourer/ And hit is refon that

4

The Game of Chefs. 173

the luge ought to defFende and kepe the labourers
and pofleflions whlche ben in his lurifdiflion by alle
right and lawe/ And alfo he may goo on the lyfte
fyde to the wyde place to fore the phificien/ For
lyke as the phificiens haue the charge to hele the
Infirmites of a man/ In lyke wyfe haue the luges
charge to appefe alle ftryues and contencions and
reduce vnto vnyte/ And to punyfshe and corredte
caufes crymynels/ The lyfte alphyn hath alfo two
wayes fro his owen place oon toward y' right fyde
vnto the black fpace voyde to fore the marchant/
For the marchants nede ofte tymes counceylte and
ben in debate of queftions whiche mufte be deter-
myned by the luges/ And that other yfliie is vnto
the place to fore the rybauldis/ And that ys be
cauie that ofte tymes amonge them, falle noyfes dif-
cencions thefte and manflaghter/ wherfore they
ought to be punyfshid by the luges/ And ye ftiall
vnderftande that the alphyn goth alleway corner
wyfe fro the thirde poynt to the thirde poynt
kepvnge all way his owne fiege/ For yf he be
black/ he goth all way black/ And yf he be whyte
he goth alleway whyte. the yflue or goynge cor-
nerly or angularly figneficth cautele or fubtylyte/
whiche luges ought to haue/ The . iii . poyntes be-
token . iii . thynges that the luge ought to attende/
A luge ought to furder rightful! & trcwe caufes.
ftcondly he ought to gyue trewe counceyll/ and
thirdly he ought to gyue and luge rightfuU len-
iences after tha iegeances/ And neuer to goo fro
the ryghtwifnes of the lawe/ And it is to wete that
the Alphyn goth in fix drawhtes alle the tablier

174 ^^ Game of Chefs.

round aboute/ and that he cometh agayn in to his
owen place/ And how be hit that alle rayfon and
good perfeftion (hold be in a kynge/ yet ought hit
alfb (pecially be in them that ben conceyllours of
the kynge and the Quene And the kynge ought
not to doo ony thynge doubtoufe/ tyll he haue axid
counceyll of his luges And of the {ages of the
royame And therfore ought the luge to be par-
faytly wyfe and fage as well in fcience as in good
maners/ And that is fignefied whan they meue
from thre poynts in to thre/ For the fixt nombre
by whiche they goo alle thefchequer/ And brynge
hem agayn in to her propre place in fuche w^e
that thende of her moeuynge is conioyned agayn
to the begynnynge of the place frowhens they
departed/ And therfore hit is callid a parfayt
moeuynge.

^be fyfth chaptlre of the fourth TraHate Is of the
meuynge of the knyghles.

FTER the yfiue of the Alphyns we
(hall deuyfe to yow the yflue & the
moeuynge of the knyghtes/ And we
faye thai the knyght on the right fyde
is whyt/ And on the lifte fyde black/ And the
yflue and moeuynge of hem bothe is in one maner
whan fo is that the knyght on the ryght fyde Is
whyt/ The lyfte knyght is black/ The moeuynge
of hem is fuchc/ That the whyte may goo in to the
fpace of the alphyn/ as hit apperyth of the knyght
on the right fide that is whyte. And hath thrc
yflues fro his proper place/ one on his ryght fyde

176 The Game of Chefs.

in the place to fore the labourer/ And hit is well
relbn that whan the labourer and hulbonde man
hath laboured the feldes/ the knyghtes ought to
kepe them/ to thentent that they haue vitaiUes for
them felf and their hories/ The fecond yfliie is that
he may meue hym vnto the black fpace to fore the
notarye or draper. For he is bounden to deffende
and kepe them that make his veftementis & couer-
tours neceffarye vnto his body. The thirde yffue is
that he may go on the lifte fyde in to the place to
fore y* marchant whiche is fette to fore the kyuge/
the whiche is black/ And the refbn is for as moche
as he ought and is holden to deffende the kynge as
well as his owen pcrfone/ whan he pailith the firft
draught/ he may goo foure wayes/ And whan he is
in the myddes of the tabler he may goo in to . viii .
places Ibndry/ to whiche he may renne And in
lyke wife may the lyfte knyght goo whiche is black
and goth oute of his place in to white/ and in that
maner goth the knyght fightynge by his myght/
and groweth and multiplieth in hys poyntis/ And
ofte tymes by them the felde Is wonne or loft/ A
knyghts vertue and myght is not knowen but by
his fightynge/ and in his fightynge he doth moche
harme for as moche as his myght extendeth in to
lb many poyntis/ they ben in many peryllis in theyr
fightynge/ And whan they efcape they haue the
honour of the game And thus is hit of euery man
the more vailliant/ the more honoured And he
that meketh hym felf ofte tymes fhyneth clereft.

v»

^^M^

p

^ ^^

l^he fixt chapitre of the fourth traEtale treleth of
the yffut of the rooks and of her progrejfion.

I HE moeuyngc and yflue of the rooks
svhiche ben vicairs of the kynge ts
fuche/ that the ryght rook is black
and the Hfte rook is whyte/ And
whan the chefle ben fette as we!! the nob!es as the
comyn pep!e firft in their propre places/ The rooks
by their propre vertue haue no wey to yITue but yf
hyt be made to them by the nobles or comyn peple/
For they ben enclofed in their propre fieges/ And
the refon why is fuche That for as moche as they
ben vicaires lieutenants or comyflioners of the
kynge/ Thcyr auftoryte is of none effeifte to fore

178 The Game of Chefs.

they yfTue out/ And that they haue begonne
tcnhaunce theyr office/ For as longe as they be
within the palais of the kynge/ So longe may they
not vfe ne execute theyr commyffion/ But anon as
they yflue they may vfe theyr audorite/ And ye (hall
vnderftande that their auftorite is grete/ for they
reprefente the pfone of the kynge/ and therfore
where the tablier is voyde they may renne alle the
tablier/ In ly ke wy fe as they goon thurgh the roy ame/
and they may goo as well white as black as well on
the right (ide & lifte as foreward and backward/
And as fer may they renne as they fynde the tablier
voyde whether hit be of his aduerfaryes as of his owen
felowfhip/ And whan the rook is in the myddellof
the tablier/ he may goo whiche way he wy II in to
foure right lignes on euery fide/ and hit is to wete
that he may in no wyfcgoo comerwyfe/ but allway
ryght forth goynge & comynge as afore is (ayd/
wherfore all the fubgettis of the kinge as well good
as euyll ought to knowe by their moeuynge that
audorite of y' vicaires and comyffioners ought to
be verray true rightwis & lufte/ and ye fhall vnder-
ftande that they ben ftronge and vertuous in batayUe
For the two rooks only may vaynquyfshe a kynge
theyr aduerfarye and take hym/ and take from hym
his lyf and his royame/ And this was doon whan
chirus kynge of perfe And darius kynge of medes
flewe baltazar and toke his royame from hym.
Whiche was neuew to euylmoradach vnder whom
this game was founden.

The/euentb ckapitre of the fourth book Ireleth of the
yjfue of the comynpeple i^c.

mNE yfiue and one mouynge appertey-
n neth vnto alle the peple/ For they may
goo fro the poynt they ftande in at
I the firft meuynge vnto the thirde
poynt right forth to fore them/ & whan they haue
io don they may afterward meue no more but fro
one poynt ryght forth in to an other/ And they
may neuer retorne backward And thus goynge
forth fro poynt to poynt They may getc by vertuc
and ftrengthe/ that thynge that the other noble
fynde by dignyte/ And yf the knyghtes and other
nobles helpe hem that they come to the fertheft

1 80 The Game of Chefs.

lygne to fore them where theyr aducrfaryes were
fette. They acquyre the cttgnyte that the quene
hath graiinted to her by grace/ For yf ony of them
may come to thys fayd ligne/ yf he be white as
labourer draper phificyen or kepar of the cyte ben/
they reteyne fuche dignyte as the quene hath/ for
they haue goten hit/ and than retomynge agayn
homeward/ they may goo lyke as it is fayd in the
chapitre of the quene And yf ony of the pawns
that is black/ as the fmyth the marchant the
tauemer and the rybaulde may come wyth outc
domage in to the fame vtterift ligne/ he fhall gete
by his vertu the dignyte of the black quene And
ye fhall vnderfbmde/ whan thyfe comyn peple meue
right forth in her ligne/ and fynde ony noble pcr-
fone or of the peple of their aduerfaries fette in the
poynt at on ony fide to fore hym/ In that comer
poynt he may take his aduerfarye wherther hit be
on the right fide or on the lifte/ And the caufe is
that the aduerfaries ben fufpecyous that the comyn
peple lye In a wayte to Robbe her goodes or to
take her perfones whan they goo vpward right
forth. And therfore he may take in the right
angle to fore hym one of his aduerfaries/ As he
had efpied his perfone/ And in the lifte angle as
robber of his goodes/ and whether hit be goynge
foreward or retomynge fro black to whyte or whyte
to black/ the pawn mufl allway goo in his right
ligne/ and all way take in the comer that he findeth
in his waye/ but he may not goo on neyther fide
tyU he hath ben in the furdcfl ligne of thefchequer/
And that he hath taken the nature of the draughtes

The Game of Chefs. i8i

of the quene/ And than he is a fiers/ And than he
may goo on alle fides cornerwyfe fro poynt to
poynt only as the quene doth fightynge and
takynge whom he findeth in his waye/ And whan
he is thus comen to the place where y" nobles his
aduerfaries were fette he fhall be named white fiers
or black fiers/ after the poynt that he is in/ and
there taketh he the dignyte of the quene &c.
And all theie thinges may appere to them that be-
holden y' play of the cheffe/ and ye (hall vnder-
ftande that no noble man ought to haue defpite of
the comyn peple/ for hit hath ben ofte tymes feen/
that by their vertu & witte/ Diuerce of them haue
comen to right highe & grete aftate as poopcs
bifthoppes Emperours and kynges/ As we haue in
the hiftorye of Dauid that was made kynge/ of a
(hepherd and one of the comyn peple/ and of many
other &c. And in lyke wyfe we rede of the con-
trary/ that many noble men haue ben brought to
myferye by their defaulte As of gyges whiche was
right riche of landes and of richefles And was fo
proude that he wente and demanded of the god
appoUo/ yf ther were ony in the world more riche
or more happy than he was/ and than he herde a
voys that viTued out of the foffe or pitte of the
facrefices/ that a peple named agalaus fophidewhiche
were poure of goodes and riche of corage was more
acceptable than he whiche was kynge And thus
the god Appollo alowed more the fapience & the
feurte of the poure man and of his Htyll mayne/
than he dide the aftate and the perfone of giges nc
\ of his ryche mayne/ And hit is more to alowe a

i82 The Game of Chefs.

lityll thynge feurly pouHiewed than moche good
taken in fere and drede And for as moche as a man
of lowe lignage is by his vertue enhaunied {o moche
the more he ought to be glorious and of good re-
nomee/ virgile that was bom in lombardye of jr*
nacion of mantua and was of lowe and fymple
lignage/ yet he was ibuerayn in wiiedom and finence
and the mofte noble of alle the poetes/ of whome
the renome is and fhall be durynge the world/ (o hit
happend that an other poete axid and demanded of
hym wherfore he fetted not the veriis of homere in
his book/ And he anfwerd that he (hold be of right
grete ftrength and force that (hold pluck the dubbe
out of hercules handes/ And thys fuflFyceth the ftate
and draughtis of the comyn peple &c.

The tyght chapilre and the laft of the fourth book of
the epibgacion and recapilulacion of this book.

liOR as moche as we fee and knowe that
the tnemorye of the peple is not retcn-
tyf but right forgetefull whan fome
here longe talis 6c hiftoryes whiche
they can not alle reteyne in her mynde or recorde
Therfore 1 haue put in this prefent chapitrc all y'
thynges abouefayd as fhortly as I haue conne/ Firft
this playe or game was founden in the tyme of
euilmerodach kynge of Babilone/ And exerfes the
philofopher otherwyfe named philometer fonde hit/
'And the caufe why/ was for the corredHon of the
kynge lyke as Hit apperith in thre the firft chapitres/

x

184 the Game of Chefs.

for the faid kynge was fo tyrannous and felon that
he might fufFre no corrcdion/ But flewe them and
dide do put hem to dcth/ that corredtid hym/ and
had than do put to dcth many right wyfe men
Than the peple beynge forowfull and ryght euyll
plcfid of this euyll lyf of the kynge prayd and rc-
quyrcd the philofopher/ that he wolde rcpryfe and
telle the kynge of his folye/ And than the philofo-
pher anfwerd that he (hold be dede yf he fo dide/
and the peple fayd to hym/ Certes thou oughteft
fonner wille to dye to thende that thy renome
myght come to the peple/ than the lyfof the kynge
ihold contynue in euyll for lacke of thy counceyll/
or by faulte of reprehenfion of the/ or that thou
darft not doo and ihewe/ that thou (aift/ And whan
the philofopher herd this he promifid to the peple
y* he wold put hym in dcuoyr to corrcde hym/ and
than he began to thynke in what maner he myght
efcape the deth and kepe to the peple his promefle/
And than thus he made in this maner and ordeyned
thefchequer of. Ixiiii . poynts as Is afore iayd/ And
dide doo make the forme of chequers of gold and
filuer In humayne fygure after the facyons and
formes as we haue dyuyfid and fhewid to yow to
fore in theyr chapitres/ And ordeyned the moe-
uynge and theftate after that it is faid in the
chapitres of thefcheflcs And whan the philofopher
had thus ordeyned the playe or game/ and that hit
plefid alle them that fawe hit/ on a tyme as the
philofopher playd on hit/ the kynge cam and fawe
hit and dcfired to playe at this game/ And than
the phylofopher began tenfeigne and teche the

The Game of Chefs.

.8j

I kynge the fcicnce of the playe & the draughtes.

Saynge to hym fyrft how the kynge ought to haue

in hymfelf pytie. debonairte and rightwifnes as hit

is faid to fore in the chapitre of the kynge And he

I enleygned to hym the eftate of the quene and what

I inaners ftie ought to haue And than of the alphyns

I gs connceyllours and luges of the royame And

lifter the nature of the knyghtes/ how they ought

I to be wife, trewe and curtoys and alle the ordre of

Ijcnyghthode And than after/ the nature of the

Ivicaires & rooks as hit apperyth in theyr chappitre

I And after this how the comyn peple ought to goo

Icche in his office/ And how they ought to leruc

Itfae nobles. And whan the philolbpher had thus

I taught and enfeigned the kynge and his nobles by

I the maner of the playe and had rephended hym of

I lus euyll maners/ The kynge demanded hym vpon

1 payne of deth to telle hym the caufe why and wher-

|. fore he had made & founden thys playe and game

And what thynge meuyd hym therto/ And than

the philofopher conftrayned by fere and dredc

anfwerd/ that he had promyfid to the peple whichc

had rcquyred hym that he ihold correcte and reprife

the kynge of his euyll vices/ but for as moche as he

doubtid the deth and had feen that the kynge dide

do flee the fages & wyfc men/ That were fo hardy

to blame hym of his vices/ he was in grete an-

. guyfshe & forowe/ how he myght fynde a maner to

I correfle & reprehende the kynge/ And to faue his

Lowen lyf/ and thus he thought longe & ftudyed that

he fonde thys game or playe/ Whiche he hath do

(ctte forth for to amende and correfte the lyf of the

i86 The Game of Chefs.

kynge and to change his maners/ and he adiouftyd
with all that he had founden this game for (b moche
as the lordes and nobles habondynge in delyces &
richeffis/ And enioy nge temporell peas (hold efchewe
ydlenes by playnge of this game/ And for to gyue
hem caufe to leue her peniifhes and forowes/ In
auyfynge & ftudyynge this game. And whan the
kynge had herd die thyfe caufes/ He thought that
the philoibpher had founde a good maner of correc-
tion/ And than he thanketh hym gretly/ and thus
by thenfeygnement and lemynge of the phyloibpher
he changid his lyf his maners & alle his euyll con-
dicions And by this maner hit happend that the
kynge that to fore tyme had ben vicyous and diibr-
dynate in his liuyng was made lufte. and vertuous.
debonayre. gracious and and fiill of vertues vnto
alle peple/ And a man that lyuyth in this world
wit}K>ut vertues liueth not as a man but as a befte*/
And therfore my ryght redoubted kntl I pray al-
mi^ty god to iaue the kyng oor feuerain lord & to
gyue hym grace to yflbe as a kynge & tabounde in
all vertues/ & to be affiftcd with all other his lordes
in fuch wyfe y* lus noble royame of Englond may
protpere & habounde in vertues/ and y* fynne may
beefchcwid iufticc kcptc/ the royame defended good

* ** And theribre ftc* to die end, is wanting in tlic (ccood
edition, and, inflend thereof, tlie ticatife conclodct in the fol-
lowing manner —

**Thenne late enerr nnn of what coodrdon he be that
icdjth or heiith thb fitd book redde take therbj enfaumple
lo amende h]rm.

"" "" it per Caxton.*

TChe Game ofCheJs. 187

men rewarded malefaftours punyfshid & the ydle
peple to be put to laboure that he wyth the nobles
of the royame may regne glorioufly In conquerynge
his rightfull enheritaunce/ that verray peas and
charite may endure in bothe his royames/ and that
marchandife may haue his cours in fuche wife that
eucry man efchewe fynne/ and encrece in vertuous
occupacions/ Prayngc your good grace to refleyuc
this lityll and fymple book made vnder the hope
and fhadowe of your noble proteftion by hym that
is your moft humble feruant/ in gree and thanke
And I fliall praye almighty god for your longe lyf
& welfare/ whichc he preferue And fende yow
thaccomplifshement of your hye noble. loyous and
vertuous defirs Amen :/: Fynyfshid the laft day of
marche the yer of our lord god. a. thoufknd foure
honderd and Ixxiiii

^^^^^

^M^^ j

r GLOSSARY.

I^^SJ^SAS, 152 i ace.

Beaulte. 8ii beautv.

^%VJft«|^| Aduocaciona,

Beneroui, 141 ; French hinir, '

Bj^/X^M 1 6a ; Laun

blcfled.

■WtfEW'tW advxatisnis.

Befaunt, 109 ; befant.a Byaan-

R/AjAvi alTembly of

tine gold coin.

Bcneurie, i+i j French hnbtur, 1

bar.

good fortune.

Agaynefaj-nge, 167 ; gain-

Bole, 130; buli. 1

faying.

Bourdcllys, 112 ; brothels,

Alphyns. 36. Thealphin. orele-

Hews.

phant, was the piece anfwer-

Butters, 1471 freebooters.

ing to the biihop in the mo-

Bulyn. 50 ; French buiin, plun-

dern game of chefs.

der, fpolls.

Ameruaylled, i+i ; aftoniflied.

Ample, anipoie,ii8, 119; Latin

Chamberyer, III, 137; Cham-

ampulla, vclTcl for holding

brere, 144; woman fervant, 1

liquids.

concubine.

Ancellys, 171; Latin ancilla.

Chequer, 157; chefs-board.

handmaids, concubines.

Chauffed.i 32; French itbmfftr.

Apperdy, 114; openly.

to warm.

Appetiffid, 108; faiisfied, fa-

Compaignon,ii6 ; French ronr-

tiaied.

pagnoH, companion. 1

Ardautly [ardantly], 109; ar-

Cannynge, 1 24 ; cunning, know-

dently.

ledge.

1 Arrache, 127 ; French arrmhir.

Corrompith, 84 ; French wr- 1

to pull, to pluck.

nmpre, to corrupt. f.

Aucnture, 136; adventure.

Couenabie, p. 84 ; French coif '

Axe, 147 J aflc.

vtnablc, proper, fit.

Courroun, 146; French ro«- t

— — ■

rturi, runners, meffcngers.

1

X. J

190

Cuntours, 147 ; ^trdians, truf-
tees.

Dampned, 136 ; condemned.

Debonairly, 134; debonairte,
20 ; French de h$n air, in a
good manner, with good will.

Depefshed, 3 ; French defecber^
defpatched.

Deporte, 64 ; deport.

Devour, I ; French devoir, duty.

Dirme8,77 ; Latin ^rMv^r, tenths,
or tithes.

Difobeyfance, 71 ; di(bbedience.

Difpendynge, 151 ; fpending.

Difbmprance, 131 ; intempe-
rance.

Dolabre, 85 ; Latin d$Uhra, axe,
pick-aze.

Doubted, 48 ; redoubted, cf.
doughty.

Drawhtes, 173; draughts, move-
ments.

Drof, 122 ; drove.

Dronkelewe,l52 ; dmnkennefs.

Dronkenfhyp, 84 ; dmnkennefs.

Dyfe, 1 47 ; dice.

Enbrafid, 125 ; embraced.
Enpefsheth, 132; French em-

fecber, to forbid.
Enpoigne, 2 ; French emfigMer^

to take in hand.
Enfeygned, 139; French en-

feigner, to teach.
Efchauffbd, 1 30 ; French ecbaMf-

fer, to warm.
Efmoued, 123; French mmt-

V9ir, to move.

Glojfary.

Feet, 135 ; French/nf, ad, fett

Ferremens. See Serremens.

Fleflly, 1 30 ; flelhly.

Folelarge, 147 ; prodigal, ex-
travagant.

Fumee, 76, 124; French yif«ri/,
fmoke, vapour.

Gamyiche, 164; gamifh, adorn,

fet off.
Genere, 157; general.
Goddes man, 151 ; godfman,

faint or religious perfon.
Goffibs, 129; goflyb, 28 ; gof-

fips, goffip.
Gree, 2 ; French gre^ liking.
Grucche, 77 ; grudge.
Guarifshors, 127; French^jr/rxr,

to cure.

Hauoyr, ill; French aveir^

podeffions.
Herberowe, 129; harbour.
Hiftoriagraph, 34; hiftorian.
Hoos, 132 ; hoarfe.

lape, 21 ; jape, trick.

Jolye, Ivii ; fine (French J9U).

Keruars, 86; cmrvers.

Langed, 1 36 ; belonged.
Lacrocynje, 161 ; Latin Utro-

cimium.
Lecherye, 131 ; lechery.
Letted, 141 ; prevented.

Male, 1 36 ; mail, trunk.
Maleheurte, 70; French amA
beur, misfortune, forrow.

Efpicers, 1 26 ; French eficier,

Efpryfed, 109; French efris, s Maronners, 86; mariners.

taken. • Martel, 86 ; hammer.

Ewrous, III ; French Ararr/i^//, < Meure, 137; French mamrs,

happy. I maoDen.

Glojfary.

191

Mordent, 70 ; biting.
Mortlfyedy 108 ; mortified,

deadened.
Mufyque, 119; mafic.

Nonne, 102 ; nun.
Noye, 86 ; annoyance.

Oeuarages, 75; French ouvrages^

works.
Oftencion, 170; fhow.
Olefauntes, 130; elephants.
Oughwer, 167 ; over.
Oultrage, 129; outrage.

Pardurable, 105 ; everlalHng.

Parfyt, 166; French farfuit^
perfedl.

Pawon, 118; pawn.

Payringe, 1 34 ; " without a
pareing," ue, undimlnifhed.

Peages, 139; pcagers, 144;
French ft age ^ ftager. A local
tax on merchandife in pailage
for the maintenance of roads
and bridges. A gatherer of
the feage.

Pcnfee, 127 ; French fen/ee,
thought.

Pourueance, 113; providence.

Rawe, 132; rough.
Renomee, 134; renown.
Roynyous, 66 ; ruinous.

Rybauldes, 146 ; ribalds.

Saciat, 131 ; fatiated.
Sawlter, 82 ; pfalter.
Scawage, 1 39 ; fcavage, toll or

tax.
Semblant, 141 ; French fembUr^

to appear, to feem.
Serremens, 119 ; cerements.
Siege, 172 ; feat.
Slear, 119 ; (layer.
Spores, 85 ; fpurs.
Spyncoppis, 41 ; fpiders.
Stracched, 128; ftretched.
Supplye, 2; French yif///f>r, to

fupplicate.
Syfe, 152 ; fix.

Tacches, 33 ; gifts, bequeftt.
A. S. tacan^ having the double
meaning of giving and taking.

Tapyte, 149 ; carpet.

Tencyons, 129; temptations.

Trycheur, 116; tricker.

Tryfte, 141 ; fad.

Tu tours, 147 ; tutors, guar-
dians.

Vignoun, 41 ; vine-drefier.

Wetyngly, 104 ; knowingly.

Yates, 139 ; gates.
Yre, 81 ; ire.

Adulc.
Adverfit;

Advocaiet, xxxiv. 91
^gidiaiRonuntu. SceColonaa.
Agyoj, lii.
Albert gauor, 1 13.
Alcharae libmr, li, xii.
Alenodn-, xxsi. U, 10, 11, ij,

»3.*4.44.4!.SO. Si.64.67.
AlifindcT, 67.
AiixatiaDder, 64.
Alphjo, 36, 164, 171.
Aliagone, 69.
Ambrose, St., li'
Amttjr, 96.
AnunenlknreD, C.

xhiu
Anunomtes, 4.K.
AncMOonii, 61.
Ainplucratet, Ixtil
AtuiiUtiiM, Iv, 41.
Anaxiaeim. ii> 68.

,45. il>

Andrei, Giovanni, Iviii.

Anger, 68.

AnguifToU, I»iii.

Adm, 30.

Anthonie, 1 1 1.

Andioniut, 79.

Anihon}-, 5i-. 16.

An than}' ui, 49.

Antigonui. 6S, 1 09.

Antoniut, ucv.

Aaiygoac, 51.

Ape, 83.

ApoUo, $4, 181.

Apollodanu, lx«u.

Apochecuiei, I18-

A^ainix, St. Tbonui, xzii.

Archnilk, 32.

ArifmetcTqne, 119.

Arifpe, to.

Atiftides, {S.

Ariftippgt, Izri.

AriftotW, XIX), xxzriii.

AniKwr, 159.

AAraoomj, 1 19.

Athene*, ixi.

Attbrejr, Jahm, tnii.

Aadley, Lonl, xii.

Ai^sSine, St^ Ihr, It, >], jo,

59.64,70. loj. 104, 131.
Angvftoi, Cxiu, Eii.

Index.

193

Aulas Gellius, Ixvii.

Auftyn, Saynt. See Auguiline.

Auycene, 120.

Auycenne, 119.

Avarice, 69, 108.

Avicenna, Iv, 119, 120.

Azedrezy zliv.

Babylon and the Chefs-board,

158, 162.
Baldnefs of Cxfar, 67.
Baltazar, 133, 178.
Bankes, Rev. Edw., xi.
Barbers, women, 90.
Bafille le grant, 131.
Ba(il, St., liv, 1v» 131,
Bearers of letters, 147.
Beauty and chaftity, 102.
Bees, 96.
Begging, 147.
Beringen, H. von, zlviii.
Bernard, W., Iv, Ixiii.
Bernard, St., 104, 151.
Biblical allufions, iv, 64, 66^ ^6,
Bibliography of the Chefs- book,

zxxvi.
Birds, 24.
Blades, William, x, xii, xiii, xv,

xvii, xviii, xxi, xxxi, xxxii.
Blindnefs, philofophical, Ixvii.
Blind, raifed letters for, Ixvii i.
Boalling, 70.
Bocchus, Ivii.
Bodleian Library, xi.
Body of Man a caille of Jefus,

130.
Boece, 133.
Boecius, 127, 132.
Boethius, Iv, 127, 132, 133.
Boneuentan, 34.
Borrowing, 1 1 2.
Boys, R., xi.
Breath, (linking, 29.
Brevio, Giovanni, Ixii.
Bribery, 37.

Bromyard, John of, Ixii, Ixiv.
Brudgys. See Bruges.
Bruges, xvi, xvii, xxxiii, 3.
Brunet, J. C, xxxvii, xxxix, Ix.
Brutus, 31.

Burgundy, Duchefs of, xxxiii.
Bull of copper, 23.
Bulls, 130.

Cadrus, due of athenes, 52.

Cxfolis. See CefFoles.

Cain, 76, 82.

Calderino, Giovanni, Iviii.

Calengius, 40.

Cambridge Public Library, xi.

Camby fes, 39.

Cantanus, 34.

Capayre, 45.

Carpenters, 86.

Carthage, 59.

Carvers, 86.

CafTalis. See CefToles.

Caffiodorus, Iv, 147.

Caille of Jefus Chrifl, 1 30.

Cailulis. See CefToles.

Cafulis. See Ceifoles.

Cato, Iv, 40, 63, 98, 131, 132,

Cauflons, xxxii.

Caxton, William, prologue of
Chefs-book, xii ; epilogue,
xiv; finifhed in 1474, xv ;
his account of the translation,
xvi ; printed at Bruges, xvii ;
tranflated from the French,
XX, xxi, xxii ; adapts De Vig-
nay's dedications, xxiv; tran-
dates Vegetius, xxx ; chief
dates of his life, xxxii ; opi-
nion of lawyers, xxxiv ; epi-
logue to Chefs- book, xxxvi,
186 ; editions of it, 1 ; repre-
fentative of a new time for
literature, liv ; at Ghent, Ixix,
88.

4

194

Index.

Caym, 82.

Cefar, 63.

Cefolb. See CeiToles.

Ceflble. See CefToles.

Ceflbles, Jacques de, xxi, xxiv,

zxviii, xxxvii, xliii, xlvi, 1, liv,

Ivi, IxxL
Ceffulis. See Ccffoles.
Cefulis. See Ceflbles.
Cezolis, de. See Ceflbles.
Cezoli. See CefToles.
Cham, 83.
Changers, 107.
Charlemagne, Ixx.
Chattily, 24, 30, 31, 33, 34,

102, 103, 109, 110, 120,

133-
Chequer, 157.

Chefs-book, copies of firft edi-
tion defcribed, xi ; prices at
which it has fold, xii ; where
printed, xvi ; fecond edition
defcribed, xvii ; when printed,
xviii ; prices at which it has
fold, xix ; tranilated from the
French, xx ; Perron's veriion,
XX ; verfion in French verfe,
xxi; De Vignay's verfion,
xxii, xxiv.

Chefs, game of, xxv, xxix.

how the board is made.

157.

manner of its invention,

«3.

moralized, 3.
movements of pieces, 163,

etfeq.
Chetham Library, xxviii.
Child hoftages, 60.
Children, ungrateful, 148.
Chivahy, 43.
Cicero, Iv, Ixvii, 39, 59, 95, 96,

97, 108.
Cities, guarding, 1 39.
Clarence, George, Duke of, xii, 1 .

Claudian, Iv, 80, 148.

Clip, Ivi.

Cloth cutters, 93.

merchants, 107.

workers, 92.

Colatyne, 30, 31, 32.
I Colonna, Guido, xxviii, xxxvii,
Ix.

Common life, Ixix.

Common people, 75, 179; not
to be defpifed, 160; not to
be at councils, 160; thofe
who have become great, 181.

profit, 87, 144, 151.

weal, 49.

Commonwealth, liii.

Communities, 88.

Community of goods, 55.

Contemplation, 42.

Continence, 24, 25, 33.

Connaxa, Jehan, Ixi.

Cordwainers, 93.

Coffoles, de. See Cefibles.

Council, women apt in, 115.

Courage, 91.

Courcelles, de. See Cefibles.

Couriers, 146.

Covetoufnefs, 108, 135.

Crafts, 93, 160.

Crete, Iv, Ivii, 133.

Crime and punifiiment, 1 73.

Crown apofb-ophized, 65.

Cruelty, 22, 53, 70, 90.

Cunliffe, H., xi.

J., xii.

Cures, accidental and fcientific,
119.

Curfe, 39.

Curfus, 37.

Curtius Marcus, 37.

Curtius Quintus, 39.

Cuflomary and natural law, 88.

Cuftomers, 138.

Cyrurgyens, 119.

Cyrus, 133.

Index.

195

Dacciefole. See Ceflbles.

Damiani, Cardinal, Ixx.

Damiano, IxxL

Damocles, Ix, 141.

Damon, Iz, 48.

Dares (Darius), 133, 178.

Daughters and their anceibefles,

33-
Daughter, dutiful, 62.

David, 50, 54, 66y 78, 82, 181.

Death, 80 ; from joy, 123.

Defence of the people, 54.

Defortes, Ixvii.

Delves, Sir Thomas, xi.

Demetrius Phalerus, Ixvi.

Democrion, 16.

Democritus, 16, 102.

Democritus of Abdera, Ixvii.

DemoflheneSy Ixiv, 38, 103.

Deny 8, 141.

Dc Vignay. See Vignay.

Devonfhire, Duke of, xi.

Dialogus creaturarum, Ix.

Dibdin, T. F., xiv, xvii, xliii.

Dice^lxiii, 146; play for a foul,

157.
Didymus, Ixviii.

Diogenes, 37.

Diogenes Laertius, Ixvii.

Diomedes, Iv, Ivii, 10.

Diomedes, a ^theefe of the
fee," 23.

Dion Caffius, Ixvi.

Dionyiius, 48, 90, 105, 106.

Dionyfe, 106.

Difobedient children, 148.

Divine right, liii.

Dog and the Shadow, Ix, 116.

Drapers, 92.

Draughts of the Chefs, 1 57.

Drunkennefs, 2 1, 83, 133; dag-
ger of, Ixiv.

Duele, 29.

Dunlop, J., Ixii.

Dorand, Iviii.

Du Vcrdier, xlil
Dydymus, 42.
Dyers, 93.
Dyna, 170.
Dyonyfe, 105.

Ebert, xxxvii, xxxviii.
Ecclefiaftes, 33.
Edward I., xxxi.
Edward IV., xxxiii.
Education of kings, 27.
Education of phyiician, 119.
Egidius Roroanus. See Co-

lonna.
Eledion, or hereditary fuccef-

fion ? 27.
Elephants, 130.
Elimandus, Ix.
Emelie, 60.
Emmerancian, 109.
Emyon, 45.

England's good old times, 162.
Enulphus, 46.
Envy, 89.
Ermoaldus, 34.
Ethics, lii.

Euftace, Guillaum, xxxviii.
Eve, 104.
Evilmerodach, Ivi, 13, 178,

183.
Example, 7 1 .

Fabian, 65.
Fabius, 80.
Fabricius, 61.
Faith, 86.

Faron. Sec Fcrron.
Fear, 142.

Fears of a tyrant, 90.
Fcron. See Ferron.
Ferron, Jean, xx, xxii.
Fevre, Raoul le, xxxiii.
Fidelity, 47.
Figgins, v., li.
Fiorus, Iv, 61.

1 96 Index.

Folly, 147.

Fools, 80.

Forbes, D., Ixix.

Forgers, 85.

Fornier, 67.

Fortune mifdoubted, 69.

Framofian, 111.

Francis of Affiii, Ixiv.

Frederick II., 140.

Friend in need, 32.

Friends, many and few, 99.

and enemies, 20.

Friendfliip, 48, 96, 100.
Frugality, 37.
Fullers, 93.

Gaguin, Robert, Ix.

Galen, Iv, 1 20.

Galcren, 39.

Galvene, 120.

Game at ChefTe, 1.

Ganazath, John of, Ix, 148.

Gaunt, Ixix, 88.

Gauchay, H. de, xxrvdii.

Gauchy, H. de, xxx\nii.

Gaz^e, Angelin, Ixii.

Genoa, 135.

Geometry, 119.

Gereon, St., lix.

Gefta Romanorum, xx^', lix, Ix,

Ixiii, Ixir.
Ghent, White-friars, box, 88.
Gibbet, 136.
Gifts, 51, 110.
Gildo, 45.

Gilles de Rome. See Cdonna.
Gluttony, 129.
Godaches, 39.
Godebert, 46.
Gokien Legend, xxh*.
Goldimiths, 85.
Good <dd times, xxxv, 162.
Goribcrt, 46.
Goribald, 4S,
Govemment of wife men, 161.

GraefTe, J. G. T.,xxxvii, xxxviii,
xxxix, xli, xlii, xliii, IviiL

Grammarians, 118.

Gregory Nazianzen, 16.

Grenville Library, xi.

Grymald, 46.

Guards of cities, 138.

Gueib and hofb, 135.

Guido, Ivii.

Guilt not to be punifhed in
wrath, 68.

Guye, 45.

Gyles of Regement of Pr)mces,
xxxi.
i Gyg^s, 181.

Hain, Ludovici, xxxvii, xxxix.

Hakam II., Ixx.
; Halliwell, J. O., xxviii.
■ Ham, 83.

Hanniball, 60, 86.

Haroun-al-Raihid, Ixx.

Hate, 125.

Hazlitt, W. C, IviH.

Health, 120.

Helemand. See Helinand.

Helemond. See Heiinand.

Helemonde. See Heiinand.

Helimond. See Heiinand.

Heiinand, lix, Ir, 33, 37, 39,
103.

Helmond. See Heiinand.

Heredity, influence of, 33.

Hereford, N. de, Ivi.

Hermits, 81, 129.
. Herodes Antipas, 133.

HcredotiK» IxiiL

Heritage, S. J., Ix.

Hippocra:es. hr, 120, 121, 124.

Hocdfcr, lix.

Holfbrd, J., xi, xiiL

Hdy Mawlc, Ixiii.

H(^y Sdiptnie, 2 1 .

Homer, It, 182.

Hondhr, 89, 96.

Index,

197

Horfe and the thief, 135.
Hofpitallers, 128.
Holls, duties of, 134.
Hound and the cheefe, 116.
Hunger, 131 ; and piety, 78.

Idols, 78.

lene (Genoa), 135.

Inglis Library, xi.

Ingram, Prof., Ixiii.

Inns, 129, 134.

Inns, thievifh fervants, 135.

Inftaulofus, 124.

Intemperance, 131.

ames of Compodella, 136.

aubert, xxii.

ean II. of France, xxiii.

ehanne de Borgoigne, xxiv.

erome, Iv, Ixviii, 29, 158, 159.

oab, 53, 66,

ohn Baptift, 133.

ohn of Ganazath, Ix, 148.

ohn the Monke (Giovanni An-
drea), Iv, Iviii, 70.

ofephus, Iv, 66^ 82, 109, 124.

ovinian, 29.

oy, its dangers, 122.

herome. See Jerome.

udas Machabeus, 46.

udges' duties, 36, 41, 57, 58,
59> 136, 117, HO>i64, 173.
- ikin, 40.

Jugglers, 152.

Julius Csefar, lix, 49, 67^ 71,

Juftice, 23, 58, 87.

Keepers of towns, 1 38.
King, edate and duties of, liii,

19, 160, 163, 183.

ihould take council, 174.

unpleafantnefsof the office,

141.
Kings, unlettered, 33.

Knight, education, 33.

eftate and duties, 43, 164,

175.
Knight's followers, i^i.

Kdpke, Dr. £., xxviii, xli.

Labourers' office and duties, 75.

La Croix du Maine, xx.

Langley, John, Ivii.

Large, Alderman Robert, xxxii.

Latrunculiy Ixix.

Laws, 54 ; like cobwebs, 41.

Law courts, 95.

Lawyers, xxxiv, 38, 92, 102.

Lear and his daughters, Ix.

Leber, C, xxviii.

Lechery, 49, 67, 103, 122, 131,

134, I37» 151- .
Legenda Aurea, xxiv.

Legende Dor£e, xxiv.

Lending, 112.

Letter-carriers, 147, 152, 153.

Liberality, 49.

Liber de Moribus Hominum.
See CefToles.

Lineage, high and low, 180-182.

Linde, Dr. A. van, xxi, xxviii,
xxxvi, xxxvii, xli, xlii, xliii,
xlvi, xlvii, lii, Ivii, Ixix, Ixz.

Ligurgyus, 54.

Literature, liv.

Livy, Iv, Ix, 102.

Logicians, 1 1 9.

Lot, 133, 134.

Love, 39, 49, 100.

Love of the commonweal, 49.

Love of nature, 98.

Lowndes, W, T., lii.

Loyally, 97.

Lucan, Iv, 131.

Lucre tia, 30.

Luther, Jxii.

Luxury, 132.

Lycurgus, 54.

Lydgate, Ivii, Ixiii.

198 Index.

Lying, 104.
Lyna, 123.
Lyfimachus, Ixvii.

Macrobiusy Iv, 27.
Madden, Sir F., Iz.
Maiowaring, Sir H., zi, ziii.
Magnanimity, 63.
Malechete, 45.
Manfion, Colard, teacher and

partner of Cazton, zvii.
Marchand, Profper, zx, xziv.
Mariners, 91.
Marihals, 85.
Martial, Iv.
Mafons, 86.

Meats and Drinks, 131.
Medicines, 126.
Mennel, Dr. J., zlvL
Meon, Ixiv.
Merchandife, 98.
Merchant, anecdote, 114.
Merchant, dtfhoneft, 114.
Merchant who valued his good

name, 113.
Merchants, 54, 107, 165.
Merchants of Bandach and

Egtpte, 100.
Mercian, 123.
Mercttlian, 103.
Mercy, 52.
Meflengers, 146.
Metalworkers, 86.
Meong, Jehan de, zzz.
J##/£r Jer^ Izriii, 123.
Money, its force, 50.
Money ers, 85.
Money-lenders,, 107.
Mmlur, denvatioo of, bnriii, 123.
Moratori, Izir.
Mafic, 119.

Natural laws, 87.
Nature, rule of, 88.
Nero, Izri, 10, 66.

Nicephorus, Izx.
Noah, 82, 83, 133.
Nobility, 162.
Noblemen, 181.
Nogaret, zzz.
Norroandie, Due de, zziii.
Notaries, office of, 92.
Novella, Iviii.
Nun, anecdote of a, 102.

Oaths, 59.

Oaths of princes, 22.
Occleve, zzzii, zzziz, Iz.
Octauian, 33.
Oddrale, Iviiii.
Office no inheritance, 6y.
Offices, 160.
Officials, 66.
Oldbuck, Jonathan, iz.
Originality, liv.
Ofma, Bifliop of, zzzviiL
Ovid, Iv, 23, 51, 84, 103, 132,
171.

Palamedes, Ivii, Iziz.

Papirion, 79.

Papirus, 27.

Paradife loft, 104.

Pardoning a mother for the

daughter's fake, 62.
Pafiage money, 144.
Patharidi, 46.
Paul, St., Ivi, 3, 63, 105.
Paul, the hiftoriagraph, Iv, Iziii,

Iziv, 46.
Paulas, Diaconus, Iv, Iziii, Iziv,

46.

Paulyne, 109.

Pawn, 75.

Pembroke, Earl of, zi.

Penapioo, 79

Percy Anccdoces, Izi.

Pers Alphons^ See Petros Al-

phonfns.
Pedt, L. M^ XV.

Index.

199

Petrus Alphonfus, Iv, Ixiii, Iziv,

98, 99.
Philarde, 23.
Philip Augudus, liz.
Philippe le Bel, xxx.
Philippe le Hardi, xxiz.
PhilomcDus, 124.
Philoftratus, 20.
Philometor, xli, 11, 183.
Phiiias. See Pythias.
Phyficians, ll8, 160.
Phyfiognomy, 143.
Pigmentaries, 119.
Pilgrimages, liii.
Piron, Ixii.
Pinrc, 21.
PitmaDy Ifaac, li.
Pity, 52, 64.
Plaifters, 122.

Plato, Iv, 88, 90, 102, 161.
Polygamy, 24, 144, 171-
Polygamy or polyandry ? 28.
Pompeyc, 63. •
Porters of gates, 145.
Porus, 50.
Poverty, 32, 38, 70, 112, 161,

181.
Princes' oaths andpromifes, 22.
Prifoners, 86.
Prodigality, 147.
Promifes, 71.
Proverbs, 109, ill, 112, 1 16,

131* 134.
Ptolome, III.

Publius Ceier, 64.

Purgatory, liii, 1 10.

Pyrrhus, 21, 61.

Pythias, Iz, 48.

Quaritch, Bernard, xiii, zv.

Quarreh, 128.

Queen, eftate and duties, 26,

164, 169.
Quintilian, Iv, 22, 131, 142.
Quint as Catullus, 53.

Reafon, 104.

Regimine Principum. See Co-

lonna.
Religion, 89.

Religious communities, 88.
Renatus, Vegetius Flavius, zzz.
Rcyna Vczina, zliv.
Ribalds, 146.
Riches, 38, 151.
Rivers, Earl, xzziii.
Robbers, 151.
Robbery, 180.
Romanus, Egidius. See Co-

lonna.
Romans, chara£ter of, 70.
Rome, Gilles de. See Colonna.
Rook, 146.

Rook, chefs-piece, 177.
Rooks, form and manners, 57.

Salluft, Iv, 1 1 2.

Scenocrates, 121.

School mafter who betrays the

children, 60.
Scipio, Iz, 27, 38, 49, 65, 67,

69, 122.
Scott, Sir Walter, z.
Scriveners, 92.
Scylla, 52.
Secrets, 28.
Semiramis, 159.
Seneca, Iv, Izvi, 9, 15, 32, 37,
41, 62, 68, 69, 97, 108, 109,

no, 112, 116, 170.
Septemulle, iii.
Servants, 80.
SefTelis. See Ceflbles.
Shakefpeare, Izviii.
Shamefaftnefs, 32.
Scheible, J., zlviii.
Ships and fhipwrecks, 91.
Sidrac, Ivii, Iv, 171.
Slander, 144.
Sloane, John, Iii.
Smith, office and duty of, 85.

jD f i>» fry

ILl. ./!»

ZZ

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r r:i

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T»:a.-nK- l«r

iTZfZTk. sir
'wrvun. i<s i-*

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> i/--n#» . ' ^

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no. iq:

ICJ. IJi.

Index.

201

Vitas Patrum, Iv, Ixiii, 8i, 129.
Vow of a woman, 1 67.

Wages fhould be paid pundlually,

49.
War, 139, 151.
Warton, T., xxxii, Iviii.
Warwick, George, Earl of, i,

xii, xxiv.
Weavers, 93.
Weft, J., xii.

White Friars at Ghent, Ixix.
Wilbraham, Roger, xi.
Wilfon, " Snuffy Davy," ix.
Wine, 132, 133.
Wine forbidden to women, 83.
Wine, origin of, 83.
Wifdom, 89.
Woollen merchants, 107.
Workmen, 89.

Workmen, office and duty, 75.
Woman, advice, 115; education,

33 ; vow, 167; and lawyers,

102; dangers abroad, 170 ;

forbidden to drink wine, 84 ;

going to the wars, 170.
Women barbers, 90.
Wright, T., xxxi, xxxix, Ix, Ixii,

Ixiv.

Xanthippe, Ixvii.
Xenocrates, 121.
Xenophon, Ixvii.
Xerxes the philofopher, ii, Ivii,
183.

Ylyc, 29.

Youth and government, 44.
Ypocras, 120, 121, 124.
Yfaye, 145, 159.

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